The journal The Lancet recently published a countdown on health and climate change. Attention was focused solely on humans. However, animals, including wildlife, livestock and pets, may also be impacted by climate change. Complementary to the high relevance of awareness rising for protecting humans against climate change, here we present a One Health approach, which aims at the simultaneous protection of humans, animals and the environment from climate change impacts (climate change adaptation). We postulate that integrated approaches save human and animal lives and reduce costs when compared to public and animal health sectors working separately. A One Health approach to climate change adaptation may significantly contribute to food security with emphasis on animal source foods, extensive livestock systems, particularly ruminant livestock, environmental sanitation, and steps towards regional and global integrated syndromic surveillance and response systems. The cost of outbreaks of emerging vector-borne zoonotic pathogens may be much lower if they are detected early in the vector or in livestock rather than later in humans. Therefore, integrated community-based surveillance of zoonoses is a promising avenue to reduce health effects of climate change.

Background Snakebite envenoming is a major global health problem that kills or disables half a million people in the world's poorest countries. Biting snake identification is key to understanding snakebite eco-epidemiology and optimizing its clinical management. The role of snakebite victims and healthcare providers in biting snake identification has not been studied globally. Objective This scoping review aims to identify and characterize the practices in biting snake identification across the globe. Methods Epidemiological studies of snakebite in humans that provide information on biting snake identification were systematically searched in Web of Science and Pubmed from inception to 2 nd February 2019. This search was further extended by snowball search, hand searching literature reviews, and using Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers screened publications and charted the data. Results We analysed 150 publications reporting 33,827 snakebite cases across 35 countries. On average 70% of victims/bystanders spotted the snake responsible for the bite and 38% captured/killed it and brought it to the healthcare facility. This practice occurred in 30 countries with both fast-moving, active-foraging as well as more secretive snake species. Methods for identifying biting snakes included snake body examination, victim/bystander biting snake description, interpretation of clinical features, and laboratory tests. In nine publications, a

The retinoblastoma (RB) gene plays a key role in cell cycle control by regulation of G1 growth arrest. This gene is inactivated in some human cancers and in most small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of RB silencing in freshly excised neuroendocrine (NE) tumors embracing the entire spectrum of NE lung neoplasms (typical and atypical carcinoids, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas [LCNECs], and SCLCs). To study the role and mechanism of RB inactivation in tumor differentiation and malignant potential, the status of the Rb protein was analyzed in 37 NE lung tumors, using immunohistochemistry with five Rb antibodies. Loss or altered expression of Rb protein was more frequently observed in high-grade NE lung carcinoma (23 of 28, 82%) than in typical and atypical carcinoids (1 of 9, 11%) (P < 0.001). Of 24 tumors with abnormal Rb staining, Southern blotting showed 1 to have undergone rearrangement, SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and sequencing showed that 6 (25%) exhibited mutations in exons 13-18 or 20-24 of the RB gene, and RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) revealed that 14 (58%) showed a low level of or entirely absent RB mRNA (messenger RNA) expression, whereas hypermethylation of the CpG-rich island at the 5' end of the RB gene was not observed. Abnormal Rb protein expression was always associated with one of these three alternative mechanisms in the SCLCs analyzed, but in only 50% of LCNECs. These results indicate that inactivation of the RB gene is highly frequent in freshly excised high-grade NE lung tumors through distinct mechanisms including point mutations and frequent abnormal mRNA expression. Different modes of RB inactivation seem to be implicated along the spectrum of NE lung carcinomas, depending on differentiation state, phenotype, and malignancy grade.

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