FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in hematopoietic cells binds to its ligand at the plasma membrane (PM), then transduces growth signals. FLT3 gene alterations that lead the kinase to assume its permanently active form, such as internal tandem duplication (ITD) and D835Y substitution, are found in 30~40% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. Thus, the drugs for molecular targeting of FLT3 mutants have been developed for the treatment of AML. Several groups have reported that compared with wild-type FLT3 (FLT3-wt), FLT3 mutants are retained in organelles, resulting in low levels of PM localization of the receptor. However, the precise subcellular localization of mutant FLT3 remains unclear, and the relationship between oncogenic signaling and the mislocalization is not completely understood. In this study, we show that in cell lines established from AML patients, endogenous FLT3-ITD but not FLT3-wt clearly accumulates in the perinuclear region. Our co-immunofluorescence assays demonstrate that Golgi markers are co-localized with the perinuclear region, indicating that FLT3-ITD mainly localizes to the Golgi region in AML cells. FLT3-ITD biosynthetically traffics to the Golgi apparatus and remains there in a manner dependent on its tyrosine kinase activity. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor midostaurin (PKC412) markedly decreases in FLT3-ITD retention and increases in the PM levels of the mutant. FLT3-ITD activates downstream in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus during its biosynthetic trafficking. Results of our trafficking inhibitor treatment assays show that FLT3-ITD in the ER activates STAT5, whereas that in the Golgi can cause the activation of AKT and ERK. We provide evidence that FLT3-ITD signals from the early secretory compartments before reaching the PM in AML cells.

The first total synthesis of (–)-merrillianin (1), which is a natural sesquiterpene with a tri- fused structure having a cyclopentane ring and five- and seven-membered lactone parts, is demonstrated. This asymmetric total synthesis enabled the absolute stereo structure determination of naturally occurring (–)-1.

The first total synthesis of (+)-tanzawaic acid B, a natural polyketide bearing a pentadienoic ester and octalin moiety, has been accomplished. The synthetic improvement from previous synthetic conditions facilitated our gram-scale synthesis of the chiral octalin that possesses seven stereogenic centers and that is the core skeleton of almost all of the tanzawaic acid family.

The first total synthesis of (+)-tanzawaic acid B, a natural polyketide bearing a pentadienoic ester and octalin moiety, has been accomplished. The synthetic improvement from previous synthetic conditions facilitated our gram-scale synthesis of the chiral octalin that possesses seven stereogenic centers and that is the core skeleton of almost all of the tanzawaic acid family.

The first total synthesis of (–)-merrillianin (1), which is a natural sesquiterpene with a tri- fused structure having a cyclopentane ring and five- and seven-membered lactone parts, is demonstrated. This asymmetric total synthesis enabled the absolute stereo structure determination of naturally occurring (–)-1.