In Malaysia, there are several small rivers and estuaries which are frequented by fishing boats. The wave action due to the movement of boats impact the coastal morphology of the area. In this paper, we have studied the wave reduction in mixed mangrove forest of Rhizosphere and Bruguiera species based on field observations of waves from boat wakes in Sg. Sangga Kecil of Matang forest reserve, west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The unique physical characteristics of Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. such as the intricate knee root and numerous pneumatophores, respectively, impact the wave amplitudes in the mangrove forest. The reduction of wave amplitudes in a 15 m long transect of mixed mangrove forest at a given study site has been analysed in the present study. It is found that the wave reduction for each 5-m distance from the vegetation edge ranged from 47.4% to 9.6%. However, on a cumulative basis the wave reduction inside the mixed mangrove forest ranged between 47.4% to 72.8%, with an average of 63%. As far as the vertical trend is concerned the wave reduction in (0-10cm) level was 88.7% while in (10-20cm) level it was found to be 61.2%. INTRODUCTIONMangroves are coastal forests that are found in sheltered estuaries and along river banks and lagoons in the tropics and subtropics. Mangroves worldwide cover an approximate area of 240 000 km2 of sheltered coastlines in the tropics and subtropics [1]. They are distributed within the tropics and subtropics, reaching their maximum development between 25o N and 25o S. The first attempt to estimate total mangrove area worldwide was undertaken as part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Tropical Forest Resource Assessment in 1980 [2].Mangrove forest ecosystems fulfil many important functions and provide a wide range of services at the local and national levels. Mangroves support the conservation of biological diversity by providing habitats, spawning grounds, nurseries and nutrients for many animals. Mangrove ecosystem is also used for aquaculture, both as open-water estuarine maricultural and as pond culture. The physical importance of mangrove is to act as a wave buffer. The December 2004 tsunami highlighted the physical importance of mangroves.The study about the physical processes in mangrove forest is still poorly understood due to the lack of extensive research on the subject. As stated in a research, it is only a short time since the studies of the physical processes in mangrove areas have been initiated [3,4]. Some researcher has studied some tidal periodic phenomena in mangrove areas along rivers or estuaries protected from the open sea [5][6][7][8][9].In the present study, we have analysed the reduction in the amplitude of waves produced by the passage of fishing boats in an estuary as these waves travel through the Matang mangrove forest area of Perak. The paper focuses on the mixed mangrove forest of Rhizophora and Bruguiera species which was chosen because they are ...

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This paper discusses the construction of a type-2 fuzzy B-spline model to model complex uncertainty of surface data. To construct this model, the type-2 fuzzy set theory, which includes type-2 fuzzy number concepts and type-2 fuzzy relation, is used to define the complex uncertainty of surface data in type-2 fuzzy data/control points. These type-2 fuzzy data/control points are blended with the B-spline surface function to produce the proposed model, which can be visualized and analyzed further. Various processes, namely fuzzification, type-reduction and defuzzification are defined to achieve a crisp, type-2 fuzzy B-spline surface, representing uncertainty complex surface data. This paper ends with a numerical example of terrain modeling, which shows the effectiveness of handling the uncertainty complex data.

Sea level rise around the world caused by global warming since decade and effects on coastal especially country below mean sea level and country island. The prediction of sea level rise by 2100 is over 3m. Sea level rise increases caused by melting ice and thermal expansion. The impact of sea level rise concentrated along the coastal area. This paper studied the impact of sea level rise to physical parameters along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seven physical variables such as geomorphology, shoreline change rate, coastal slope, lithology, maximum wave height, mean tidal range and sea level change were chosen to find an physical vulnerability index. The index also was mapped using ArcGIS software to picture the vulnerability. The worst area for physical vulnerability index is along the Pahang coastline especially Kuantan district. The prevention and adaptation from government and nongovernment agencies should be taken to reduce the effects of sea level rise.