Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterised by premature cessation of ovulation/ menstruation for 4-6 months along with raised serum gonadotropin levels especially follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (>40 IU/L) on two or more occasions >4 weeks apart. POI is a heterogeneous disorder resulting from various autoimmune, iatrogenic and metabolic factors, chromosomal or genetic mutations and infections. Premature loss of ovarian function in women with POI is associated with long-term psychosocial sequelae, infertility and major health complications. It is also associated with age-specific increase in mortality due to cardio-vascular diseases. Its occurrence has increased in recent years as more and more women now-a-days attain motherhood late, also there is increase in incidence of gynaecological malignancies and its successful management leading to increased risk of POI. This manuscript aims to highlight the recent advances in pathogenesis and management of POI. Literature regarding premature ovarian insufficiency, its incidence, pathogenesis, management and recent advances was searched from various English language journals, WHO, ACOG data, published peer-reviewed articles on PubMed, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar upto 2017.