COVID-19, a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 10 million individuals worldwide. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. In previous studies, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV were found to affect the nervous system. Given the high similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, effects on the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 are a possibility. We have outlined the common neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (information are up-to-date as of June 2020) and discussed the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and management options.

Haemorrhoids are usually asymptomatic, and are considered a disease only if they become symptomatic. The commonest symptoms are rectal bleeding and mucosal prolapse. In the majority of patients, haemorrhoids can be managed conservatively by increasing dietary fibre and fluid intake along with lifestyle modifications. Those with more advanced disease may be managed by sclerotherapy or rubber band ligation. Surgery is reserved for patients with failed medical therapy and for those who have developed complications. This article would discuss the current concepts on the pathogenesis and management of haemorrhoids.