The long-term variability of lacustrine dynamics is influenced by hydro-climatological factors that affect the depth and spatial extent of water bodies. The primary objective of this study is to delineate lake area extent, utilizing a machine learning approach, and to examine the impact of these hydro-climatological factors on lake dynamics. In situ and remote sensing observations were employed to identify the predominant explanatory pathways for assessing the fluctuations in lake area. The Great Salt Lake (GSL) and Lake Chad (LC) were chosen as study sites due to their semi-arid regional settings, enabling the testing of the proposed approach. The random forest (RF) supervised classification algorithm was applied to estimate the lake area extent using Landsat imagery that was acquired between 1999 and 2021. The long-term lake dynamics were evaluated using remotely sensed evapotranspiration data that were derived from MODIS, precipitation data that were sourced from CHIRPS, and in situ water level measurements. The findings revealed a marked decline in the GSL area extent, exceeding 50% between 1999 and 2021, whereas LC exhibited greater fluctuations with a comparatively lower decrease in its area extent, which was approximately 30% during the same period. The framework that is presented in this study demonstrates the reliability of remote sensing data and machine learning methodologies for monitoring lacustrine dynamics. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights for decision makers and water resource managers in assessing the temporal variability of lake dynamics.

Abstract This study assessed urban generate climate change in Okene town of Kogi State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study include acquiring temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation data from SWAT satellite image from 1986 to 2016; determine the trend, normality, changes in temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation in the study area from 1986 to 2016.  Climate data was collected from the Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) from 1986 to 2016 of Okene Town. Simple Statistical Measures of mean, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, Average deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis were used for discerning the trends and normality of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The chi square statistical test was use to test the study hypothesis. The trend line equation shows positive for temperature (0.0567x +26.27), Solar radiation (0.036x + 18.1) and negative trend in relative humidity (y = -0.001x + 0.733). Chi square statistical result shows that there are significant changes in temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation over the past three decades in Okene town of Kogi State. In tackling this anomaly, there is need for greening the town by embanking on radical planting of trees and creation of cool pavement technologies towards cooler surfaces by convection or higher reflectance as adaptive/mitigation measures against Urban Heat Island in Okene town.

Abstract Nigerian urban environments are characterized by uncontrolled organic and consciously created urban settlements driven by a host of factors. This study used geo-informatic technology to assess the anomalies in the Master Plan of Idah town between 2005 and 2015. The Master Plan of Idah town and high resolution IKONOS images were acquired to provide data for the study while geo-informatic technology was use in the data analysis. The results show that in 2005 residential land use exceeded the expected area in the Master Plan by 1,474,270.6 m2, commercial land use is not accordingly developed having an area of 3,290 m2 encroached upon, that of industrial is encroached upon by 569,766.8 m2, educational is encroached upon by 769,766.8 m2, recreational is encroached upon by 1,521 m2, health is encroached upon by 62,802 m2, religious is encroached upon by 8,026 m2 while government and civic land is encroached upon by 9,265 m2, and transport is encroached upon by 50,333 m2. The study further revealed that the anomalies in the urban Master Plan of Idah town advanced in 2015 with the residential land use exceeded the expected land area designated for it in 2005 by 8,142,704.7 m2 while other land uses that were not fully developed were also encroached upon. Despite the detailed master plan was prepared for Idah town covering the period 1974 to 2005 the implementation is absolutely void. The study recommended that, the Master Plan should be urgently renew to avoid further land use development resulting in more anomalies. 

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This study assessed ambient air quality (NO2, SO2, CO, NH3, H2S and PM10) across four different urban land uses at five points each using Handheld BW Tech GasAlert and Haze Dust Particulate Monitor in Gwagwalada town, FCT, Nigeria. The standard limit of WHO, USEPA and FME were used. CO concentration across the different land use “Abattoir (4.4), Market (0), Motor Park (3.4) and Roadside (6.4)” were within the limit of WHO, USEPA and FME (10, 9, 9 ppm/ug/m3); NO2 and H2S were within the limit of WHO, USEPA and FEME (0.07, 0.02, 0.05 ppm/ug/m3); SO2 concentration across Abattoir (0.34), Market (0.28), Motor Park (0.26) and Roadside (0.32)” were above the limit of WHO and FME (0.01ppm/ug/m3), but falls within the standard of USEPA (0.5ppm/ug/m3); PM10 concentration at Abattoir (142.49), Market (72.54), Motor Park (162.88) and Roadside (148.54) were within the standard of FME (250 ppm/ug/m3) and USEPA (150 ppm/ug/m3) with the exception of PM10 concentration in Motor Park  while the PM concentration were above the standard of WHO (50 ppm/ug/m3) across the different land uses. NH3 were not detected in Motor Park and Roadside, but its concentration in Abattoir (0.12) and Market area (0.1) were above the standard of WHO and USEPA (0.07) but commensurate to that of the FME.  ANOVA at 0.05% level of significance shows that there is no significant difference in the concentration of pollutants across the different land uses as justified with P ≤ .963. The air quality index rating depicts PM10 and