Sinusitis or rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses which can be due to autoimmune, allergy, and infection problems. Current study was aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm and antibacterial potential of different varieties of A sativum. Four different varieties (China white, China pink, Desi white, and Desi pink) were used and extracted with methanol and water. Results of antioxidant analysis of A sativum extracts showed that all varieties of garlic have considerable quantity of flavonoids with significant DPPH inhibition and reductive potential. Antibacterial activity of A sativum extracts was tested against different Gram negative and Gram-positive sinusitis isolates. All the sinusitis isolates were susceptible to both methanolic and aqueous extracts of different varieties of A sativum with least MIC values. Antibiofilm potential of extracts against sinusitis isolates was evaluated through crystal violet assay, and all extracts of A sativum were significantly effective against destruction of microbial biofilm. In summary, A sativum extracts possess effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against sinusitis isolates and can be utilized for prevention of drug resistance against sinusitis infections and further evaluation is necessary.

Increased uses of microbial enzymes in cheese processing are largely responsible for the use of enzymes in dairy industry, which is the next largest application industry followed by the beverages industry. Microbial enzymes such as fructosyltransferase, laccases, amylases, lipase, and cholesterol oxidase, as well as their potential applications in various industries. GUS in the form of β-glucuronidases acting as main gut enzyme have been sued in the pharmaceutical and clinical trials for testing the drugs toxicity prior their use in the human body. Amylase is the most important microbial enzyme that involved in the digestion of starch into small molecules of sugars. Amylase obtained from microorganisms usually less expensive and catalyzed the breakdown of starch in effective ways while the amylase obtained form plants as well as other animals required lots of chemicals and other microbial process for their separation, purification as well as their characterization. Submerged fermentation is the cultivation of microorganisms in liquid nutrient broth. Industrial enzymes can be produced using this process. In a batch process, all nutrients are provided at the beginning of the cultivation, without adding any more in the subsequent bioprocess.