Nosocomial infections or Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) influence the clinical outcomes in hospital in-patients and indicate a serious global concern in medicine. Fomites of hospital environments carry a deadly pathogen and transmit infectious diseases. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the hospital environment has increased due to misuse and/or overuse of antibiotics. The present study was aimed to evidence the MDR bacterial pathogens from the fomites of the hospital environment. The study was conducted in Acute care hospital, in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Totally 65 samples were collected from the different areas of the hospital including Operation Theatre (OT), Orthopaedics Surgery (OS), Wound and emergency Unit (WEU), Intensive care unit (ICU), Dialysis Unit (DU), Special Ward (SW) from March 2022 to September 2022 and the samples were processed for the isolation of bacteria using Nutrient agar, Macconkey agar and Blood agar. Totally 84 isolates were identified in that 48 and 36 isolates were gram positive and gram-negative respectively. Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, E. coli, Salmonella spp and the proteus spp. were the common isolates of this study and most of them showed multidrug resistance. In gram-positive isolates Bacillus spp. (22%) was dominant followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21%) and in gram-negative bacterial isolates Salmonella spp. (17%) were dominant followed by E.coli (16%). Among the bacterial isolates, 18% showed multidrug resistance (MDR) followed by 3% and 2% of XDR and PDR respectively. All the studied surfaces of the hospital carried minimum bacterial contamination. So more hygienic practices and effective disinfection practices should be implemented in the studied hospital to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections.

Marine bacteria are abundant producers of many different kinds of bioactive substances. In this study, we isolated the antagonistic marine bacterial strain Cytobacillus firmus TCP1 from soil samples collected from the shoreline and evaluated the antibacterial and anticancer effects of its crude secondary metabolites. The potent antagonistic bacterial isolate C. firmus was identified using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The secondary metabolites from strain C. firmus were extracted by centrifugation with ethanol, and the agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate them for antibacterial activity against respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. This study demonstrated that the metabolic extract of the TCP1 effectively inhibited the growth of respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. Moreover, it established concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on A549 lung cancer cells. The administration of metabolic extract of the TCP1 showed an effective inhibitory effect on colony formation of A549 cells, increased lipid peroxidation, and decreased the antioxidant activity in A549 cells. The results showed that the metabolic extract of the TCP1 showed effective antibacterial and anticancer activity. Therefore, upon additional clinical testing, the secondary metabolites of strain C. firmus TCP1 may be exploited to create potent antibiotics and anticancer drugs for lung cancer.

Natural pigments can be obtained from various sources like plant, microorganisms, and marine algae because synthetic pigments have some toxicity issues and are carcinogenic to both products and workers. Therefore, it is thought that bacterial pigment is a crucial metabolic product beneficial to bacteria and may possess certain biological features like antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the antibiofilm and anticancer activities of crude pigment extract from a marine bacterial isolate. The Antibiofilm assay was studied by the 96-well plate method. The pigment from K. flava (AP2) has the ability to inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter sp, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. The optical density at 570 nm wavelength on a plate reader to quantify the overall bacterial growth in each well. Among the six strains, moderate biofilm inhibition were observed at 2.5 µg/ml. In-vitro anticancer activity of bacterial pigment extract was evaluated by MTT assay against human colon cancer (HT-29). As a result of the pigments' strong cytotoxic action, they could be employed as biological agents in medicine.