Los plaguicidas organofosforados (OF) son ampliamente utilizados para el control de plagas y vectores transmisores de enfermedades por gobiernos estatales y nacionales. Sin embargo, se sabe que estos compuestos pueden causar intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas, y que diversos factores desempeñan un papel relevante en su toxicidad. Uno de ellos es la paraoxonasa 1 (PON1), una proteína que hidroliza los plaguicidas OF y protege al organismo de su toxicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la concentración sérica de PON1 y su relación con factores de riesgo que pueden modificar la concentración de la enzima en una población de fumigadores guerrerenses. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 67 fumigadores y 46 en el grupo testigo. Se aplicó un instrumento para conocer sus prácticas laborales, plaguicidas utilizados y medidas antropométricas. Las concentraciones séricas de PON1 fueron cuantificadas por enzimoinmunoanálisis de adsorción (ELISA, por su sigla en inglés). Los resultados mostraron que los fumigadores utilizan principalmente carbamatos (38 %) y OF (32 %). Las concentraciones de PON1 fueron de 21.2 ng/mL en los fumigadores vs. 18.7 ng/ml en el grupo testigo. Encontramos que el índice de masa corporal, los antecedentes de diabetes, la antigüedad en la labor de fumigación, el número de plaguicidas utilizados y el consumo de alcohol, vitaminas y suplementos alimenticios son factores de riesgo asociados a los cambios en la concentración de PON1. Es necesario considerar los factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos de los individuos cuando se evalúan los niveles de PON1.

On his first day in office, on 1 December 2018, freshman President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) delivered a speech outlining 100 policy priorities of his administration. The present study analyzed the contributions of this government’s program relating to food security and their environmental implications, and whether they contributed to strengthen the state or improved human security, considering that the poor and marginalized were at the center of AMLO's campaign. In total 45 policy priorities were geared to consolidate the state, while 55 contributed to improving human security. Only six were related to food security, including stipends to food producers and purchasing grains at guaranteed prices, a fertilizer distribution program and subsidies for cattle husbandry and fisheries/aquaculture. These programs contributed to advancing 10 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to Zero Hunger and Reduced Inequalities. Various policy programs had explicit considerations towards climate change and land degradation, including the exclusion of natural protected areas from agricultural subsidies, and recognized that food production is vulnerable to climate change. The four agricultural programs analyzed may advance AMLO’s goal of avoiding food imports, while curbing rural poverty. However, available evidence is mixed regarding animal acquisition loans, which are likely to have adverse environmental outcomes. Finally, the program for developing agroforestry operations is already contributing to deforestation, and further ecosystem degradation is most likely to occur from the introduction of timber and fruit species to natural forests as this program does not preclude the inclusion of recently cleared plots. If human development goals are to be reached, along with fulfilling the international commitments on sustainable development and environmental conservation, policies need to be implemented that simultaneously tend to a booming transnational industry, while bringing forward the rural poor, who amount to nearly half of the country's population.