PurposeUrinary incontinence is one of the major urinary symptoms in children and adolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents. In accordance with the definitions of the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society, daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) is uncontrollable leakage of urine during the day. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of DUI in Turkish primary school children.Materials and MethodsThe questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic variables and the voiding habits of the children, was completed by the parents of 2,353 children who were attending primary school in Denizli, a developing city of Turkey. The children's voiding habits were evaluated by use of the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Symptoms Score, which is a validated questionnaire. Children with a history of neurological or urological diseases were excluded.ResultsThe participation rate was 91.9% (2,164 people). The overall prevalence of DUI was 8.0%. The incidence of DUI tended to decrease with increasing age and was not significantly different between genders (boys, 8.8%; girls, 7.3%; p=0.062). Age, maternal education level, family history of daytime wetting, settlement (urban/rural), history of constipation, urinary tract infection, and urgency were independent risk factors of DUI.ConclusionsOur findings showed that DUI is a common health problem in primary school children. In an effort to increase awareness of children's voiding problems and the risk factors for urinary dysfunction in the population, educational programs and larger school-based screening should be carried out, especially in regions with low socioeconomic status.

Ovariectomy had no effect on the gap junctions in the bladder and bladder overactivity alone. Therefore, obstruction is the main factor that increases the amount of gap junctions, and gap junction blockers are thus more effective in obstruction. However, ovariectomy was shown to decrease the expression of gap junctions and relaxation effect of gap junction blockers, when combined with BOO.

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IntroductionLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) indicate the pathologies of storage, voiding, and the postmicturition phases of urination (1). The results of a large prevalence study showed that storage symptoms such as urine frequency, nocturia, urgency, and urge incontinence were more prevalent (51.3%) than other LUTS in men (2). In recent years, the paradigm shifted from the prostate to the bladder for understanding, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of LUTS in men. Accordingly, detrusor overactivity (DO) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) play integral roles in men with LUTS (3). Overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms have more deteriorating effects on health-related quality of life (QoL) than other LUTS (4,5). Furthermore, recent studies have emphasized that combination therapy (ComRx) with α-blockers and antimuscarinics had better results in men with BOO who had mixed symptoms (6). In contrast, LUTS in men are often still treated with therapies targeting the prostate even if they have OAB symptoms (1).

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