Abstract:The rapid growth and expansion of urbanized landscapes in cities has resulted in an increase in air temperature and has lowered the bioclimatic comfort levels in urban landscapes. Recent studies to estimate the climatic response of urban landscape conversion have mostly examined the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) change and land surface temperature (LST) data collected using advanced remote sensing (RS) techniques instead of atmospheric temperature. In this respect, four decadal Landsat images from the 1980s were used to investigate the impact of landscape transformation on atmospheric temperature. The mean and average minimum and maximum monthly air temperature datasets were used in the analysis. The CORINE (Coordination of Information on Environment) index was used to determine LULC diversity in an urban development boundary and urban periphery. Consequently, clustered LULC change values for the last three decades were integrated with decadal air temperature anomalies. The findings revealed an important relationship between monthly mean air temperature and land changes over recent decades, which resulted in an increase in urban fabric land use, deforestation land cover changes and conversion of permanent crop fields to artificial green houses for earlier vegetable production; the R-sqr values for these regressions were 97.7%, 88.5% and 90.6% respectively. On the other hand, the most important increasing temperature trends were obtained for the average monthly minimum air temperature, which supports the global warming concerns of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and related studies, which have concluded that an increased nighttime temperature results in urban heat islands (UHIs). The results should be used to support better urban landscape plans and architectural designs to improve human thermal comfort for sustainable urban life in Mediterranean cities. Street geometry and orientation to wind
Tourism is the one of the most competitive sectors in the world and climate serves as potential and source for tourism on one side and natural barrier for some outdoor activities on the other. Outdoor thermal conditions are important for tourist satisfaction. Therefore, several tourism – climate indices include this parameter as a component. Mediterranean basin harbours world famous summer and cultural tourism destinations among others and climate change is expected to affect the region including the third primary destination of Turkey. The aim of this study is to analyse human thermal comfort conditions, combined effect of atmospheric elements on humans, in the southwest part of Turkey, world – famous summer tourism region using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) values and Geographic Information System (GIS) as tool to show their spatial distribution as a component of tourism climate indices. As the result of the study, the most influential factors on human thermal comfort conditions are marine effect e.g. sea breezes, humidity, air movement and dense urbanisation around the meteorological stations established in 12 districts. Suggestions to reduce high PET and Tmrt values are offered in the study.
Tourism is the one of the most competitive sectors in the world and climate serves as potential and source for tourism on one side and natural barrier for some outdoor activities on the other. Outdoor thermal conditions are important for tourist satisfaction. Therefore, several tourism -climate indices include this parameter as a component. Mediterranean basin harbours world famous summer and cultural tourism destinations among others and climate change is expected to affect the region including the third primary destination of Turkey. The aim of this study is to analyse human thermal comfort conditions, combined effect of atmospheric elements on humans, in the southwest part of Turkey, world -famous summer tourism region using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) values and Geographic Information System (GIS) as tool to show their spatial distribution as a component of tourism climate indices. As the result of the study, the most in uential factors on human thermal comfort conditions are marine effect e.g. sea breezes, humidity, air movement and dense urbanisation around the meteorological stations established in 12 districts. Suggestions to reduce high PET and Tmrt values are offered in the study.
There is a special type of mistake in criminal law, which known as der Subsumtionsirrtum (mistake of subsumption) in German, which we have translated into Turkish as "altlama hatası". What is to be understood conceptually and legally from this type of mistake is controversial. The legal controversies are in themselves the result of conceptual controversies. For this reason, the mistake of subsumption must first be explained conceptually. In this way it will be determined what effect this mistake has in criminal doctrine of mistake in relation to intent and culpability; in other words, what legal meaning it has. The aim of this study is to find out what the controversies over mistake of subsumption are about and to clarify the issues surrounding it.Based on the information provided by the semantics on this topic, the conceptual meaning of the mistake of subsumption was obtained by analyzing the terms subsumption and mistake. Accordingly, the mistake of subsumption can be defined as follows: The wrong subsumption of a specific individual factual circumstance under an abstract individual offence element, which is based on an erroneous narrow interpretation of this element of the offense, and which has the consequence that the offender regards his behavior as not covered by the respective offense. From a legal point of view, the mistake of subsumption is a special case of the mistake of criminal, which undermines on the normative level. Hence the error of subsumption does not exclude the intent. However, it should also be examined whether the defender who succumbs to this error acts without a sense of wrongdoing. If the offender lacks the insight to do injustice because of the mistake of subsumption, the mistake of subsumption should be legally accepted as mistake of law and legally subject to its consequences.
In this study, the purpose was to investigate the viewpoints of the students studying at the Landscape and Ornamental Plants Department on their profession according to their reasons for preferences. The study was conducted in
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