To address taxonomic problems stemming from treatments in the Flora of Turkey and other publications, Tulipa is revised for Turkey. Following detailed morphological and cytotaxonomic studies of the taxa, Tulipa in Turkey has been found to be represented by 17 species, two subspecies and two varieties (in total 19 taxa). A new key for the species and detailed descriptions of taxa are provided, as are synonyms and typification as far as possible, distribution, habitat types, localities and conservation status of all taxa. These studies are based on approximately 1000 fresh and 2000 herbarium specimens. Adopting the classification of Van Raamsdonk & De Vries, Tulipa is divided into two subgenera, Eriostemones and Tulipa, which were previously treated as sections by Marais in Flora of Turkey following Boissier’s classification. Tulipa subgenus Eriostemones is divided into two sections following Baker's treatment: Sylvestres and Saxatiles. However, section Sylvestres is again divided into two subsections following Baker and Hall's treatments: Sylvestres and Biflores (here described). Section Saxatiles is further divided into three subsections, with the addition of two new subsections: Saxatiles, Orphanidetes and Humiles. The type subgenus Tulipa is divided into two sections: Tulipa and Clusianae. In subsection Humiles, T. pulchella is accepted at species rank, having usually been placed as a synonym of T. humilis. Some previously uncollected species (T. raddii and T. saxatilis) and a doubtful record (T. clusiana), after the first collection of material in Turkey, have been recollected and verified.

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A new species, Muscari fatmacereniae Eker sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), is described from Turkey. The diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, original photographs and geographical distribution of the new species are given. The conservation assessment, observations and taxonomic comments on the new species are also presented. The new species is compared with the closely related species M. armeniacum and M. botryoides.

The genus Digitalis L. containing species, commonly known as the "foxglove", is the main source of cardenolides, which have various pharmacological properties effective against certain pathological conditions including myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, angina, and hypertrophy. Togehter with a prime effect of controlling the heart rhythm, many workers demonstrated that lanatoside C and some other cardiac glycosides are effective in several cancer treatments such as prostate and breast cancers. Due to digoxigenin derivatives of cardenolides, which are mainly used for medicinal purposes, such as digoxigenin, D. lanata as a main source is of great interest for commercial scale production of cardenolides in Europe. Phytochemical studies on cardenolides, naturally occurring plant secondary metabolites, have mainly focused on the species of the genus Digitalis L., as the members of this family have a high level and diverse content of cardenolides. During the last few decades, plant tissue culture techniques have been optimised for many plant species including Digitalis, however, the production capacity of cardenolides somehow failed to reach a commercially desired extent. In this review paper, the genus Digitalis is evaluated in terms of its main botanical and physiological features, traditional uses, molecular genetics and metabolomics, cellular mechanism of action, medicinal uses, clinical pharmacology, drug interactions, therapy in the management of cardiovascular disorders, potential utility of therapy in extracardiac conditions, and toxicity.