Background: Dysregulation of the hypoxia-aerobic system has been postulated in various malignancies. Nonetheless, the contribution of hypoxia to oral carcinogenesis is yet to be elucidated. Understanding this mechanism is important for improving diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. This study aimed to assess the dysregulation of hypoxia-related factors during different stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development.Methods: Ninety-two patients diagnosed clinically with oral leukoplakia or OSCC were included and classified according to their histopathological diagnoses. A panel of seven hypoxia-related antibodies were used for immunohistochemical staining of each case. Automated quantification of immunostaining was used for objective reporting. Microvessel density was also assessed.Results: Significant associations were reported for non-dysplastic epithelial changes and malignancy for Glut1, HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p < 0.005). Similarly, microvessel density significantly increased with the severity of epithelial disorders. A multiple regression model including the H-score of HIF-1α and microvessel density could statistically significantly predict the grade of epithelial disorder (p < 0.005). The associated diagnostic accuracy of this approach was 88%.Conclusions: Hypoxia-associated events are observed during early epithelial dysplastic changes and have a potential role in oral carcinogenesis. The level of hypoxia may assist in stratifying the severity of epithelial changes among patients with oral leukoplakia.

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After years of mandatory remote education, there is still a question that remains to be answered: “Is the online medium inclusive enough to be deemed a solution?” As classrooms relocate to onlineenvironments and pedagogies rely on technologies, it becomes imperative to ensure that no one isleft behind and education remains accessible to every learner. The issue of the universality of accessto technological resources in India mingles with various socio-economic disparities that hinder thesuccessful implementation of online education. This chapter attempts to analyze and bring forwardthe factors that may contribute to the stark contrasts regarding the practicality of the onlineeducation scene in India, including accessibility, gender, socio-economic factors, and policy issues. Inmitigating the impact of an educational disruption (e.g., global health crisis) as well as the futureadoption of online instruction, this chapter summarized the topics that need addressing into themes:content understanding, learning outcomes, technological, pedagogical, and behavioral.

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Purpose: The paper examines how Urdu evolved from the language of the rulers to the lingua franca of Muslims in the modern times. The paper attempts to highlight how Urdu is still being used as an identity marker for Muslims with respect to the other communities and is a source of ascendancy, an achieved elitist status within the Muslims of the North and Deccan. Approach/Methodology/Design: Socio-cultural analysis. Findings: The usage of Urdu as a political instrument by the Muslim League and the cultural influence the language has exerted on the Muslim community led to its usage as a source of elitism within the community in the modern times. The analysis indicates that there is harking back to the highly Persianised, nastaliq form of Urdu, which was manifested in its literature in the twentieth century as the pure, hegemonic and the aspired language, true to the identity of the community.  The language was characterized by its emergence as a monolithic, distinctive medium, overcoming the different varieties and registers during the British rule through the Hindi-Urdu controversy. Practical Implications: This review study situates Urdu in a socio-cultural context, reflecting   the historical status of the language in India. Originality/value: Urdu has been recognized as a language of a particular community i.e. Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, especially those in the Northern and the Deccan parts of the independent India. This review article, through the use of literature review and content analysis, shows that Urdu is used as a language by Muslims in a way that denotes their high status within the community, due to a variety of factors embedded in the socio-cultural history of the community in the Indian subcontinent.