Biosphere Reserves stand as the worldwide strategy of biological conservation. However, the current global land use change involves extensive loss of vegetation cover around the reserves and increase their vulnerability and their ecological isolation. The overall objective of this study was to assess the trends of land covers change in- and outside the “W” Biosphere Reserve (WBR) in Benin as well as the driving forces of land cover change in order to provide tools for its sustainable management. For this purpose, two serial times of maps from Landsat images TM 1995 and ETM+ 2006 were used to assess the rates and trends of the different land cover units from 1995 to 2006. Socioeconomic surveys based on structured interviews were conducted with 240 households in 8 villages around the reserve. Land clearing, tree logging, settlement and grazing were frequently quoted by the households as main driver forces inducing land cover change around WBR. Probability transition matrices of land cover displayed high probabilities (>0.6) in the southern part of WBR and moderate probabilities (0.3 to 0.5) in the northern part of WBR for woodland and savanna vegetation to be changed into cropland outside the reserve showing the persistence of vegetation degradation around WBR in the coming years. Our study revealed the urgent necessity of the development of conservation action planning to stop the agricultural frontline progression toward the reserve.
La réduction du dioxyde de carbone par les arbres est une importante activité écosystémique. La présente étude vise à déterminer le stock de carbone organique dans les plantations de Acacia auriculiformis des forêts classées (Ouèdo et Pahou) afin d'appréhender leur contribution à l'atténuation des changements climatiques. La méthodologie d'estimation du carbone est basée sur les recommandations faites par l'IPCC et celle de FAO ainsi que des équations allométriques. Les données climatiques ont été collectées à la station météorologique d'Agonkanmè. Selon les différents compartiments, les résultats révèlent que le stock de carbone est plus élevé dans le tronc : 78,17%; les branches : 19,50% et les feuilles: 2,33%. Le potentiel de séquestration du carbone du sol varie entre 31,46% et 70,99% en fonction des types de sol. Les stocks de carbone élevés sont obtenus dans la plantation de 2,5 ans sur sol hydromorphe à Pahou (106,23 ± 38,39 tC/ha) contre 77,77 ± 5,47 tC/ha pour celle de 2 ans sur sol ferralitique à Ouèdo. Il y a une corrélation fortement négative et significative (r =-0,931, P < 0,001) entre la température et le stock de carbone. Les fortes températures observées sont le résultat de la faible séquestration de carbone et vice-versa.
RESUMELes effets des facteurs abiotiques sur la répartition spatiale des groupements végétaux ont été étudiés dans la zone de transition soudano-guinéenne du Bénin. Les relevés phytosociologiques ont été réalisés le long des toposéquences dans 156 placeaux de 900 m 2 . Le logiciel PC ORD 5.0 a servi à l'ordination des groupements (DCA), à l'analyse discriminante des groupements suivant la topographie et les propriétés du sol (CCA) et à l'identification des espèces caractéristiques (IVA). L'indice de Jaccard est déterminé par le logiciel CAP. Au total, 430 espèces réparties en 257 genres et 78 familles ont été recensées. Huit groupements végétaux répartis suivant un gradient pédologique et topographique sont obtenus après l'ordination. L'analyse discriminante des groupements indique que la profondeur du sol est le facteur le plus déterminant dans la distribution des groupements végétaux. Les groupements végétaux établis au bas des versants sur des sols profonds et humides sont nettement distincts de ceux établis sur les interfluves et à mi-pente sur des sols exondés. L´indice de Jaccard discrimine les groupements, et, la richesse spécifique augmente avec la profondeur du sol, tandis qu'elle baisse avec l'augmentation de la pente et de la pression anthropique. L'indice de Shannon et l'équitabilité de Pielou sont très faibles dans les champs et les dépressions marécageuses dominées par les herbacées. La densité et la surface terrière des ligneux varient respectivement de 104 tiges/ha et 3,21 m 2 /ha dans les champs à 1007 tiges/ha et 18,01 m 2 /ha au bas des versants et à mi-pente sur des sols profonds et humides. Le biovolume de la strate herbacée varie de 1917 m 3 /ha dans les champs à 15105 m 3 /ha dans les dépressions.
In the current context of the rapid changes of land cover and land use in Benin, sacred forests are thought to be sanctuaries of biodiversity and representative of primary vegetation. In order to assess the contribution of sacred forests to phytodiversity conservation, this study was carried out in Adjahouto and Lokozoun sacred forests located in the southern region of Benin. Phytosociological relevés were done in 25 circular plots of 18 m radius. Based on the species red list of Benin, threatened species found in Adjahouto and Lokozoun sacred forests were identified. Moreover, socioeconomic survey of local residents allowed highlighting the factors that could impede the contribution of sacred forests in biodiversity conservation. Regarding plant diversity, a total of 75 species (68 tree species and 7 herbaceous species) distributed in 70 genera and 40 families were determined in the sacred forests of Adjahouto and Lokozoun. The plant communities Shannon diversity index ranged from 2.64 to 3.26 bits. The proportion of endangered species represented 8% in the Adjahouto sacred forest and 12% in the Lokozoun sacred forest. Phanerophytes were the dominant life forms in the two sacred forests. The Guineo-Congolese species were the most abundant (50% in Adjahouto and 41.38% in Lokozoun) and the most dominant (46.54% in Adjahouto and 90.27% in Lokozoun). The chorotype compositions showed that the Adjahouto and Lokozoun sacred forests still keep their primary vegetation and thereby enhance the global biodiversity conservation in Benin.
Cattle breeding in the Districts of Banikoara and Karimama is characterized by semi-nomadic and transhumance with a food system based on the exclusive use of rangelands and crop residues; in this context, the risk of degradation of these rangelands are so high. The aim of this research is to assess the physiognomy changes recorded in these rangelands from 2000 to 2013.The techniques of the remote sensing in particular the classification of the Landsat images ETM+ of 2000 and OLI-TIRS of 2013 were used. The transition matrix was produced using the Intersect function of the software ArcGIS 10.1. In the same way, the programs "PontiusMatrix22" and "Intensity Analysis02" were used to measure the intensity and the speed of land covers units changes.Thus, the surface of riparian forests and the woodlands and savannas woodlands passed respectively from 1.86 % and 12.69 % in 2000 to 1.82 % and 6 % in 2013.Tree and shrub savannas knew a progressive evolution of their surface which passed from 37.55 % in 2000 to 40.51 % in 2013. In addition, the mosaics of fields and fallow which are used as surfaces of pasture in dries season also knew an appreciable increase in their area which passed from 47.02 % in 2000 to 51.73 % in 2013. In total, there was a regression of forest formations in favor of savanna and anthropogenic formations.The highest speed changes was recorded on the level of woodlands and savannas woodlands.
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