Worldwide, the male to female ratio of new smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) cases is approximately two to one. However, in Pakistan, this is not the case. Rates of notified TB cases are 20–30% higher in young females compared with males, and female rates remain high regardless of increasing age. This is in stark contrast to neighboring India, which is characterized by an excess of male TB cases. It is currently unknown why rates of notified TB are so high in females in Pakistan, but it is clear that this epidemiology is a public health issue of importance that impacts transmission dynamics and disease control initiatives.

Aims: To find out the magnitude of different types of pelvic pathologies female infertility by laparoscopy.Methods: Nine hundred infertile women who had undergone infertility evaluation by laparoscopy to see the pelvic pathology or evaluation of pelvic organs at a private infertility clinic at Dhaka between January 2002 and October 2004 were studied. Assessment of these patients was carried out carefully before starting the endoscopic procedures. A full history was taken which was followed by thorough general, abdominal and pelvic examinations then Laparoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia .Results: The mean age ranged from 18 to 42 years. Among them 612 (68%) patients were aged between 21 to 30 years. Six hundred and seven (67.44%) patients had primary infertility and 293 (32.56%) had secondary infertility. Laparoscopic findings showed that 610 (67.78%) patients had normal uterus while 390 (31.22%) had abnormalities of uterus. Among them 76 (8.4%) had uterine myomas. Five hundred and seventy four (64%) had normal tubes, 70 (7.8%) had some form of peritubal adhesions and 196 (21.78%) had tubal block, either unilateral or bilateral. Six hundred and sixty seven (74.11%) patients had normal pelvic peritoneum, 148 (16.44%) had pelvic adhesions probably from pelvic inflammatory diseases and 85 (9.45%) had frank endometriosis. Two hundred and eighty nine (32.11%) had normal ovaries, 370 (41.11%) had polycystic ovaries (PCO), 109 (12.11%) had periovarian adhesions 72 (8%) patients had simple ovarian cysts while 19 (2.11%) had endometriotic (chocolate) cysts.Conclusion: Ovarian pathology was the highest pelvic abnormality (41%) followed by tubal pathology 36% and uterine pathology 32%.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(2) : 88-91

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum lipid status in patients with PCOS and to compare the lipid status between PCOS patients and woman without PCOS. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was carried out in 50 women diagnosed as polycystic ovary syndrome on the basis of Rotterdam Criteria (group I) and 50 women of reproductive age group without polycystic ovary syndrome (group II) attending the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka during the period of July 2013 to June 2015. Results: The mean total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were significantly (p<0.005) higher in group I but mean HDL cholesterol was not significantly (p>0.05) associated with PCOS. Patients with raised total cholesterol : HDL ratio having the risk of developing dyslipidemia estimated to be 11.16 (95% CI = 3.9-33.1) times higher in PCOS patients than that in the group II. In multivariate logistic regression analysis of lipid profile, only raised LDL-C (>130 mg/dl) was found to be significantly associated with PCOS (p<0.05). Conclusion: High LDL level was more associated with PCOS followed by TC, TG and TC:HDL ratio. This study demonstrated a higher level of dyslipidemia specially in PCOS with higher BMI. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.2, October, 2018, Page 209-214

Caesarean section rates are increasing worldwide. It contributes to substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. South Asian countries including Bangladesh have recorded substantial increases in caesarean section rates over the past decade. In Bangladesh, the caesarean incidence rate was 2.6 percent in 2001 and 12.2 percent in 2010. So, the incidence rate increased five times over the last decade. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Savar, Dhaka during January 2014 to December 2015, aimed to assess the current trend of mode of deliveries of babies. A total of 1253 pregnant women who attended this tertiary level hospital, for their delivery, were enrolled in the study. The study subjects were selected by simple random sampling. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The mean age of respondents was 25.81±4.46 years. Most (72%) of them were between 20-29 years of age. Some thirty nine percent of the respondents completed secondary level of education. The study showed that among 1253 respondents, 70.3% underwent CS and 29.7 % had normal vaginal delivery. Most common indication for caesarean section was previous CS (42.4%) that contributed an increase in total caesarean birth. Lowest incidence was antepartum haemorrhage (0.9%). Prolonged labour and cervical dystocia, hypertensive disorder, malpresentation were also contributing factors for caesarean section. So, previous caesarean birth was the most important factor in making decision about the way of delivery. Based on the study findings, to decrease the rate of caesarean section, careful monitoring of the foetus at all levels of health care facilities for critical decisions are suggested.

Abstract:Genital cancer is increasing day by day in Bangladesh. Among those cervical cancer is the most common constituting about 22-29% throughout the country. Breast cancer is the second most common cause and it is about 13-17% of the female cancer. In Bangladesh, risk factors for cervical cancer are related to early marriage, early sexual activities, multiparity, STD,s and low socioeconomic condition. Lack of knowledge about the risk factors is also an important determinant behind the incidence of these cancers. With the objectives to assess whether they can mention the name of female genital cancer and risk factors for those cancers, this study was conducted.