The LaFe1−xZrxO3 (x = 0.01, 0.05) ceramics were prepared by sol-gel and annealing method and studied by XRD, Raman scattering analysis, SEM, and impedance spectroscopy method. The crystal structure and phonon characteristics analysis revealed that the crystal structure tends to preserve its ideal orthorhombic structure, following the increase in driving force of the Fe/ZrO6 octahedral tilting. The frequency-dependent dielectric parameters at each temperature decreased with increasing Zr content. The temperature dependence dielectric relaxation and dc conduction mechanism satisfied the Arrhenius law and increased with increasing Zr content. The activation energy ranged from 0.30 to 0.50 eV and was similar in the relaxation and conduction mechanisms, indicating that both transport mechanisms were based on a similar mechanism.

Lanthanum Orthoferrite (LaFeO3) is one of the perovskite oxide ABO3 materials. In this study, LaFe1-x Zr x O3 ( x = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) were synthesized by sol-gel method. Synthesized LaFeO3 with substituted Zr on Fe-site was characterized for crystal structures and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that the LaFe1-x Zr x O3 material has an orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. The local structure of this sample was studied using Raman spectroscopy. Raman analysis shows, there are Zr4+ substituted effect on the tilt and stretching phonon modes of LaFeO3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characterization test confirmed the effect of substitution on structural properties in terms of the upward shift of tilt, bending, and symmetric stretching of Fe-O-Fe bonds in FeO6. Optical bandgap has been determined using Kubelka-Munk function with the Tauc connection by the Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer which shows that the energy bands decrease (2.14–2.10 eV) with increased Zr-content.

The interest of LaFeO3 among perovskite inorganic materials increased tremendously due to their applicability ranging from chemical sensors, electrode material, etc. In previous studies, Bi-doped in La site improved the electrochemical performance and reduced the interfacial polarization resistance. Zr doped in the Fe site also improves electrical properties. In this study, LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3 and BiFe0.97Zr0.03O3 material have been successfully synthesized using the sol-gel method to observe the morphology and electrical properties in several temperatures. Characterization of the material was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). SEM results represent the non-uniform grain distribution morphology with estimated size to be 147 nm and 204 nm for LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3 and BiFe0.97Zr0.03O3, respectively. EDX characterization shows that the material is only composed of its constituent elements. The Impedance spectroscopy data show that BiFe0.97Zr0.03O3 better than LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3 in electrical properties because Bismuth ferrite (BiFe0.97ZrxO3) has multiferroics properties.

Lanthanum Orthoferrite (LaFeO3) merupakan salah satu material perovskite oxide ABO3 dengan struktur ortorombik. Pada penelitian ini telah disintesis LaFeO3 yang disubstitusi Zr pada situs Fe (LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3) yang dipreparasi dengan teknik sol-gel. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sifat struktur kristal dan listrik material LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3. LaFe0.97Zr0.03O3 yang telah dipreparasi, diuji menggunakan XRD menunjukkan sampel yang single phase, struktur Orthorhombic dan space group Pbnm.  Hasil uji SEM menunjukkan bahwa penambahan jumlah Zr menyebabkan rata-rata ukuran grain menurun yang konsisten dengan hasil dari XRD. Uji listrik pada material dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode impedance spectroscopy sebagai fungsi frekuensi (100Hz –1 MHz) dengan menggunakan RLC meter. Data IS disajikan dalam bentuk Nyquist Plot dan Bode Plot, yang digunakan untuk mengindentifikasi parameter rangkaian yang ekuivalen beserta nilainya. Hasil uji dengan RLC meter menunjukkan diameter semi-sirkular menurun seiring peningkatan temperatur, mengindikasikan material ini bersifat semikonduktor serta adanya peningkatan konduktivitas pada sampel dan penurunan nilai resistansi.

Increasing population and vehicles on the road will be accompanied by increased transportation needs so that the traffic density cannot be avoided. Generally, happens on a national road route, which is a connecting road between the provincial capital and a national strategic highway. The traffic density is potentially a bottleneck, road damage, and traffic accidents. The research aims to determine the influence of vehicle volume against the damage and safety of roads in one of the national roads in West Java. The Data sourced from road planning and supervision, the police sector, and field Survey Board. The methods used Bina Marga method to determine the number of road damage, RCI, and IRI methods to assess the value of road conditions, and to determine the influence of inter-variable, road safety inspection refers to the test of the roadway to evaluate roadworthiness of road functions. The results of the study gained that the impact of vehicle volume on road traffic damage and categorized accidents was insignificant. The dominant factor in the traffic accident that occurs caused by carelessness and unorderly driving. These roads in the road category are still eligible and recommended for routine maintenance.