Silica material has limited hydrostability when it is produced as a thin film. In order to mitigate this restriction a modification strategy is needed. This article provides details of mesoporous hybrid organo-silica thin films that were successfully fabricated from a combination of a dual silicate precursor of tetraethyl orthosilicate/triethoxy vinyl silane, using organic catalysts. The research investigated the effect of calcination temperatures (350°C and 600°C) on the materials, and compared the application of single (citric acid) and dual catalysts (citric acid and ammonia) during fabrication of the thin film.

Abstrak-Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  koagulan kapur atau PAC yang paling efektif pada proses koagulasi-flokulasi dari pengolahan limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry, menentukan massa optimum dari koagulan kapur atau PAC pada pengolahan limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry menggunakan proses koagulasi-flokulasi dan menentukan persen maksimum penurunan BOD dan COD pada limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry menggunakan proses koagulasi-flokulasi. Pada penelitian ini, kami menggunakan metode jartest atau metode koagulasi-flokulasi dengan menggunakan koagulan kapur dan PAC. Metode yang digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar BOD dan COD ialah koagulasi yaitu dicampurkannya koagulan dengan pengadukan cepat 100 rpm selama 1 menit kemudian dengan metode flokulasi yaitu dilakukan pengadukan lambat 40 rpm selama 20 menit dan diendapkan selama 30 menit. Penentuan massa optimum dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan koagulan baik menggunkan kapur atau PAC  masing-masing sebanyak 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr, 5 gr dalam 150 ml limbah deterjen buatan maupun limbah deterjen laundry. Dari variasi massa koagulan dapat diketahui persen maksimum penurunan BOD dan COD tertinggi terdapat pada koagulan kapur sebesar 12,05% dan 75% pada limbah deterjen buatan pada massa 5 gr, sedangkan pada limbah laundry sebesar 11,57%.dan 78,57% pada massa 5 gr.   Kata kunci: koagulasi-flokulasi, limbah deterjen, COD, BOD. Abstract- This research is conducted to find out the effective koagulan lime or PAC in koagulasi-flokulasi process from preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry, to determine optimum mass from koagulan lime or PAC in preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry using koagulasi-flokulasi process and to determine maximum percent the decrease of BOD and COD in preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry. In this research, we used jartest method or koagulasi-flokulasi method by using  koagulan lime or PAC. Methode that used to decrease the value of BOD and COD is koagulasi. Koagulasi is mixed koagulan and stir fast 100 rpm for one minute, then with flokulasi method, it is stir slow 40 rpm for 20 minutes and sediment, it for 30 minutes. Determine optimum mass done by add good koagulan using lime or PAC 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr ,4 gr, 5 gr, in  waste material detergent product and waste material laundry. From the various mass koagulan know that the highest decrease maximum percent of BOD and COD in koagulan kapur is 12,05% and 75% on waste material detergent product  in 5 gr mass while waste material laundry is 11,57 % and 78,57% in 5 gr mass. Keywords: koagulasi-flokulasi, waste material detergent, COD, BOD

Wetland water is an alternative water resource around wetland areas. However, it is typically saline due to seawater intrusion and contains high natural organic matter (NOM) that is challenging to treat. This study evaluated the stability of interlayer-free mesoporous silica matrix membranes employing a dual acid–base catalyzed sol–gel process for treatment of saline wetland water. The silica sols were prepared under a low silanol concentration, dip-coated in 4 layers, and calcined using the rapid thermal processing method. The membrane performance was initially evaluated through pervaporation under various temperatures (25–60 °C) using various feeds. Next, the long-term stability (up to 400 h) of wetland saline water desalination was evaluated. Results show that the water flux increased at higher temperatures up to 6.9 and 6.5 kg·m−2·h−1 at the highest temperature of 60 °C for the seawater and the wetland saline water feeds, respectively. The long-term stability demonstrated a stable performance without flux and rejection decline up to 170 h operation, beyond which slow declines in water flux and rejection were observed due to fouling by NOM and membrane wetting. The overall findings suggest that an interlayer-free mesoporous silica membrane offers excellent performance and high salt rejection (80–99%) for wetland saline water treatments.

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Salah satu penyebab pencemaran lingkungan adalah logam berat. Krom merupakan salah satu parameter logam berat pencemar lingkungan. Oleh karena itu harus dilakukan reduksi logam krom, salah satunya dengan proses adsorpsi. Adsorpsi bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan adsorben alami. Salah satu potensi adsorben alami yang bisa didapatkan di Kalimantan Selatan adalah ampas daun teh. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi pH dan berat adsorben dalam pengurangan Cr total pada limbah cair artifisial serta menganalisis efisiensi  pengurangan Cr total dan kapasitas adsorpsi dengan menggunakan adsorben dari ampas daun teh. Sebelum proses adsorpsi dilakukan, adsorben diaktivasi  menggunakan NaOH 4%. Selanjutnya proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode batch. Variabel bebas pH (4,5,6,7,8) , berat adsorben sebanyak 0,4 ; 0,6 ; 0,8; 1,0 gram dengan waktu kontak 45 menit. Kecepatan pengadukan 120 rpm dan konsentrasi Cr total sebesar 10 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukan penurunan Cr total terbesar terjadi pada pH 4 dan pada berat 0,4 gram. Efisiensi penyerapan Cr terbesar terjadi pada larutan  pH 4 sebanyak 13,18% dan kapasitas adsorpsi sebanyak 0,06 mg/g. Efisiensi dan kapasitas adsorpsi terbesar terjadi pada berat 0,4 gram adalah 12,11% dan 0,06 mg/g.Kata Kunci: Adsorpsi, Cr total, ampas daun teh, efisiensi, kapasitas adsorpsi  One of the causes of environmental pollution is heavy metals. Chromium is one of the parameters of heavy metal polluters. Therefore, chromium metal reduction must be done, one way to do it is with adsorption process . Adsorption can be done using natural adsorbent. One of the potential natural adsorbent which can be found in South Kalimantan is the dregs of tea leaves. This study aims to analyze the influence of pH and adsorbent weight in the reduction of total Cr in artificial wastewater and analyze the efficiency and the reduction of Cr total adsorption capacity by using adsorbents from the dregs of the tea leaves. Before the adsorption process is executed, the adsorbent was chemically activated using 4% NaOH. Furthermore, the adsorption process is done by using the batch method. The independent variable pH (4,5,6,7,8), the weight of the adsorbent as much as 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 grams in 45 minutes contact time. Stirring speed of 120 rpm and total Cr concentration of 10 ppm. The results showed that the largest decrease of total Cr achieved at pH 4 and 0.4 gram of weight. The largest Cr adsorption at pH 4 solution is 13.18% and adsorption capacity at 0.06 mg/g. The largest efficiency and capacity achieved at 0.4 gram of weight is 12.11% and 0.06 mg/g