Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a versatile plant that can be consumed as a food and has therapeutic applications. Studying its drying process is important to maintain their leaf quality during storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the drying kinetics of bitter melon leaves and determine their thermodynamic properties. The leaves were placed in polyethylene trays and subjected to drying in an oven at temperatures of 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C until reaching hygroscopic equilibrium. The experimental data were fitted to several non-linear regression models to characterize the drying process. The Arrhenius model was used to obtain the coefficients of diffusion and the activation energy, which were used to calculate the enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs free energy. Midilli and Page were the best models to represent the drying kinetics of bitter melon leaves at temperatures of 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C. Increases in the drying air temperature increased the Gibbs free energy and water diffusivity in the interior of the leaves. Enthalpy and entropy decreased as the temperature was increased.

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The objective of this study was to determine hysteresis, enthalpy, entropy, enthalpy-entropy compensation theory and Gibbs free energy for water adsorption and desorption in ‘Malagueta’ pepper seeds. Hygroscopic equilibrium moisture contents were determined by the static gravimetric method, with water activity in the range from 0.29 to 0.90 and temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C. The hysteresis of the ‘Malagueta’ pepper seeds reduces with the increase of temperature. Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of adsorption and desorption increase with the reduction of the moisture content of the seeds. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory is valid for the sorption processes. The sorption of water between seeds and the surrounding air is a non-spontaneous process.

Studies related to water sorption in seeds are essential for the design and optimization of storage systems. The objective of this research was to determine and model the adsorption isotherms and calculate the latent heat of water vaporization, differential enthalpy and entropy, the isokinetic theory and Gibbs free energy for 'Cumari-do-Pará' pepper seeds. The equilibrium moisture contents were obtained by the static gravimetric method at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40 °C and water activities between 0.290 and 0.900 (decimal). The Chen-Clayton model is the one that best represents the water adsorption isotherms in 'Cumari-do-Pará' pepper seeds under the studied conditions, with 9.94% mean relative error, 0.40 mean estimated error and random distribution of residuals. The latent heat of vaporization ranged from 2,555.669 to 3,162.180 kJ kg -1 . The enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy increase with the reduction in the equilibrium moisture content of the seeds. The isokinetic theory is valid for the adsorption process.Isotermas e propriedades termodinâmicas de adsorção de água em sementes de pimenta Cumari-do-Pará RESUMO: Estudos relacionados com a sorção de água em sementes são essenciais para o dimensionamento e otimização de sistemas de armazenagem. Assim, objetivou-se determinar e modelar as isotermas de adsorção e calcular o calor latente de vaporização da água, a entalpia e entropia diferencial, a teoria isocinética e a energia livre de Gibbs para as sementes de pimenta Cumari-do-Pará. Os teores de água de equilíbrio foram obtidos pelo método estático gravimétrico nas temperaturas de 30, 35 e 40 °C e atividades de água entre 0,290 a 0,900 (decimal). O modelo de Chen-Clayton é o que melhor representa as isotermas de adsorção de água em sementes de pimenta Cumari-do-Pará nas condições estudadas, apresentando 9,94% de erro médio relativo, 0,40 de erro médio estimado e distribuição aleatória dos resíduos. O calor latente de vaporização variou de 2.555,669 a 3.162,180 kJ kg -1 . A entalpia, a entropia e a energia livre de Gibbs aumentam com a redução do teor de água de equilíbrio das sementes. A teoria isocinética é válida para o processo de adsorção. Palavras-chave:Capsicum chinense L., higroscopicidade, calor latente, isocinética