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Water and nitrogen are two key elements required for successful rice cultivation. We examined the responses of nitrogen and water management on methane emission of Boro rice in the field laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University research farm, Mymensingh. Three treatments were studied in the field experiment viz, T1: Control plot (no nitrogen fertilizer), T2: Urea super granule (78 kg N/ha), T3: Prilled urea (104 kg N/ha) with three replications under two water management of Continuous Standing Water (CSW) and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD). Air samples were collected by the closed-chamber method and methane gas was determined by gas chromatography. The highest CH 4 emission was found from CSW plots and the lowest from AWD plots. Under CSW condition, the effects of urea treatments on CH 4 emission were not significant. In case of urea treatments, the highest CH 4 emission was observed from treatment T3 under CSW condition and T2 under AWD condition and the lowest emission was from the control treatment. The overall results suggest that prilled urea and urea super granule should be applied under AWD and CSW condition, respectively to keep less CH 4 emission from irrigated rice agriculture.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been holding back the developments of the world and forcing humanity to a burdened edge. Within this unprecedented health emergency, the education sector has been facing one of the most unpredicted challenges. This paper aims to analyze the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on zero access to technology users in the primary education level of Bangladesh. This study employs an in-depth interview with 48 students, 12 teachers, and 15 parents at Tala Upazila under Satkhira district. The study's findings reveal that in primary education level, students who have zero access to technologies have been suffering significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. As they have limited scope to study at home, many are about to leave school permanently to support their parents’ earnings while facing financial insolvency. In this regard, this research can help the education authorities and policymakers facilitate this segment's learning process in such a disruption and minimize school dropouts at their very early stage of education.

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. In particular, its riverine dwellers face continuous riverbank erosion, frequent flooding, and other adverse effects of climate change which makes the life of people more vulnerable. In order to assess adaptive capacity, understanding of how different households comprehend climate change is crucial. This paper aims to measure the determinants of adaptive capacityto understand the vulnerability risk among the riverbank erosion affected households. An integrated model was proposed with the constructs derived from Awareness-Ability-Action (AAA) and Socioeconomic-Sociopolitical and Institutional-Socioecological (SSS) model. A structured questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 300 participants who were affected by natural disaster specifically river erosion. The proposed research model was tested using the partial least-squares (PLS) method, a statistical analysis technique based upon structural equation modeling (SEM).The results show that the loss of farming land and all levels of riparian households impacted severely by riverbank erosion and forced into a low livelihood status, strong adaptive capacity would reduce vulnerability risk in the affected areas, community-level vulnerability measurement enhances communities understandings, build capacity, make aware, and allow them to identify appropriate locally adaptation strategies, and local level adaptation strategies may reduce the impact of such hazards on all sorts of vulnerability risk among rural households. The nature of this study may restrict its generalizability to other research settings. Future research may be necessary to validate the findings by applying this model in the vulnerability context in other developing countries. This research method and results would generate new insights with respect to planning the sustainable development goal and provide a reference for decision-making.