Chest wall syndrome is the most frequent cause of chest pain complained by patients admitted to the physician’s office, in outward as well as in emergency department. It may affect all ages with sex ratio of 1:1 between man and woman. History of illness and sensibility to palpation or tenderness were the keys to the diagnostic approach. Pain was generally moderate, well localized, continuous or intermittent over a number of hours to days or weeks and was amplified by position or movement that was commonly located on the left side of the chest. Chest wall syndrome is usually a common and benign condition, but it leads to anxiety and frequent recurrence. Definitive treatment is not yet confirmed and treatment for the different condition causing isolated musculoskeletal chest pain is poor. Therefore, some options to avoid aggravating physical activities, stretching, and simple analgesics as needed are the best choices of current management.

Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare primary spontaneous pneumothorax associated with the menstrual phase and is the most common manifestation of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. We report a case of a 32‐year‐old woman with a history of endometriosis who presented to the emergency ward with a chief complaint of dyspnea and right‐sided chest pain, and a chest X‐ray showed a right pneumothorax. Initial management was by placing a chest tube to expand the right lung. The patient underwent a video‐assisted thoracoscopy and talc pleurodesis, during which we found multiple perforations in the tendinous part of the diaphragm. A partial resection of the tendinous part of the diaphragm was done. Our review indicated that primary spontaneous pneumothorax in women should be suspected as catamenial pneumothorax due to thoracic endometriosis. The gold standard procedure for diagnosis and treatment is surgery. Hormonal therapy is an effective choice to prevent and reduce post‐operative recurrence.

Mesenchymal stem cells are a multipotent mature non hematopoietic stem cells, with characteristics such as ability to self-renew and differentiate in mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal pathway. Mesenchymal stem cells also secrete cytokine and immunoreceptor which regulate micro environment in host tissues and angiogenic mediators which are able to improve damaged tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are obtained from the human body by isolation, culture, proliferation, characterization, and/or differentiation originating from fat cells (adipose), periosteum tissue, and other tissues from the body. Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained by autologous and allogenic way. Stem cell processing includes isolation, proliferation, differentiation, and temporary storage for clinical application adhering to good drug manufacturing practice. Approach to cell therapy and bioengineering in lung disease is rapidly developing in the last 10 years. In the current era of cell therapy and transplantation, a lot of research has been done to understand and develop mesenchymal stem cells as a therapeutic alternative, particularly in respiratory area.