Governments of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland implemented reforms of family benefits in the mid-1990s. What were the common features of those reforms and what were the possible effects on child poverty? Based on household micro data, trends in poverty among children, large families and single parents are presented for two data points: one before and one after the restrictive reforms in family policies. The focus of the analysis is on changes in the effectiveness of benefits on child poverty reduction. Child poverty increased during the observed period in all three countries, despite the efforts of governments to smooth the harmful effects of the economic downturn. Large differences in poverty levels and patterns between the three countries persisted. A relative worsening of the income position of children was accompanied by an increased level of targeting, reflected in general attempts to exclude higher-income groups from the benefit regimes. The results in the paper suggest that social transfers in general, and family benefits in particular, contributed to reduce significantly child poverty in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. However, reduction rates decreased between the early and the later 1990s. Current and future reform considerations should therefore include the objective to reverse this trend.
Résumé
Les gouvernements de la République Tchèque, de la Hongrie et de la Pologne ont mis en oeuvre au milieu des années 90' des réformes restrictives des allocations familiales. Quels sont les tendances communes de ces réformes et quel a été leur possible impact sur la pauvreté des enfants? En nous basant sur des données au niveau micro sur les ménages, nous présentons les tendances pour les enfants, les familles nombreuses et les parents isolés en prenant comme point de référence des données préalables et postérieures auxréformes en matière de politique familiale. Le centre de notre analyse porte sur les changements dans l'effectivité des allocations pour réduire la pauvreté des enfants. La pauvreté des enfants a augmenté dans les trois pays durant la période considérée en dépit des efforts des gouvernements pour atténuer les effets du retournement de conjoncture économique. Des différences significatives dans les formes et niveaux de pauvreté perdurent entre les trois pays analysés. Une relative dégradation de la position des revenus des enfants a été accompagnée par un ciblage accentué, reflétant les tentatives plus générales d'exclure les mieux nantis des régimes d'allocations sociales. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que les transferts sociaux en général et les allocations sociales en particulier ont contribué à réduire de manière significative la pauvreté des enfants en République tchèque, en Hongrie et en Pologne. Cependant le rythme de réduction a décru entre le début et la fin des années 90'. L'objectif de renverser cette tendance devrait être au centre des réflexions concernant les réformes actuelles et à venir.
This paper reports the results of a survey on the tax awareness of the Hungarian population. Knowledge of tax types and levels is investigated, followed by questions on preferences for state expenditures. The design of the survey is aimed at a contingent evaluation of public sector involvement in health, pensions and higher education. The results show that fiscal illusions have their roots in poor knowledge of the tax cost of public expenditures. When people are provided with additional information on these factors, preferences for state involvement seem to diminish. Possible reform scenarios can be modelled with alternative formulations of institutional arrangements. Respondents tend to have most support for mixed strategies, while 'pure state' and 'pure market' solutions receive the lowest levels of support. However, since the outcome of any public sector reforms depends heavily on evaluation of the current regimes, an extensive part of the paper is devoted to the investigation of the 'status quo effect'. The paper, though descriptive in general, provides normative evaluations and suggestions for further reforms. Copyright The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1998.
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