The paper presents a formulation for evaluating the effect of tunneling on existing buildings. The formulation involves the matrix condensation method to represent the response of a linear elastic building and macroelements to represent the nonlinear elastoplastic soil behavior. The formulation includes new features that allow interaction between macroelements, both through the soil continuum and the structure, to result in the final displacements of the foundations due to tunneling. One of the advantages of the formulation is its ability to incorporate a general input of a greenfield field displacement for the interaction analysis, allowing consideration of various tunneling scenarios. The formulation is evaluated by a comparison with a continuum-based solution obtained using the finite difference method. The formulation is then used to conduct a parametric analysis of tunneling–soil–superstructure interaction, considering three different approaches: (i) the suggested elastoplastic formulation, (ii) purely elastic analysis, and (iii) simplified analysis in which the foundations are forced to displace as a greenfield. It is shown that the vertical settlements of the foundations, due to tunneling, are the greatest when the first approach is considered. This is an outcome of the combined vertical and horizontal yielding, depicted in the formulation by the coupled yield function and plastic flow potential. Yet damage, which relates to differential settlement, appears to be smaller in the elastoplastic formulation.

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Ribbed bars are known for their enhanced bond to concrete. Their ribs make bar section variable along the axis and the strain profile is variable as well, under any given applied force. Such variable strain profile has not been measured so far, thus the stress profile and its effect on the global behavior of the bar cannot be determined. Though optical fibers are an effective means to mea-