The present study aims to show that Basque Differential Object Marking (dom) is the result of intense contact with the Basque-Spanish Leísta Dialect (bld) and to determine the process by which Basque dom is a contact feature. Following theories of contact-induced phenomena in variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack and Levey, 2010), theories of dom (Aissen, 2003) and grammaticalization theory (Heine and Kuteva, 2005), the speech of 29 native speakers of Gernika Basque are examined, stratified by age and language dominance. Results from oral data show that animacy and specificity are the strongest predictors of Basque dom, followed by person and number. In terms of language specific constraints, the use of Spanish borrowed verbs and the null object character of the language strongly favors dom in Gernika Basque. It is proposed that Basque dom involves a complex process of 'replica grammaticalization' , explaining the intertwined relationship between typological factors, contact-induced forces and language-specific constraints.

This study examines the variable use and the social meaning of a contact-induced phenomenon in Basque, Differential Object Marking, to explain the emergence of new variation in a minoritized language situation. The spontaneous speech of 77 Basque-Spanish bilinguals was analyzed and compared to the perception results obtained from a matchedguise experiment. I situate this analysis using emergent participant self-identification categories that lie along a continuum of Basque speaker authenticity. Production results show that DOM use increases according to a speaker's self-ascribed authenticity, but the matched-guise analyses indicate that some DOM uses may undermine the speaker's perceived authenticity. I discuss the ideological multiplicity of DOM within its semiotic landscape and consider practice-based approaches to variation in explaining this paradox. The evidence lends support for social meaningbased accounts of variation that also consider speakerhood as an agentive process, and it additionally challenges models that directly correlate language use to acts of identity.

This paper addresses several problematic scientific practices in psycholinguistic research. We discuss challenges that arise when working with minority languages, such as the notion of monolingual/monocultural normality and its historical origins, the stereotype of native-speakerism, the quest for testing people who fit specific profiles, the implications of the policy that urges scholars to match bilingual groups to monolingual comparison groups, and the use of powerful theoretical narratives that may evoke problematic labels and ableist terminology. These issues invest the field of psycholinguistics with questionable practices that contribute to the marginalization of groups that do not tick the standard normative boxes. Surveying some of the most widespread scientific practices in the field of psycholinguistics, our emphasis is on how several processes and policies may embody stereotypes that contribute to the exclusion of certain groups from the scientific literature, with grievous consequences for the visibility and the representation of some minoritized languages.

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The field of contact linguistics has long argued for the paramount importance of social factors in understanding the outcomes of linguistic contact. In contrast, linguistic ideologies have not played a central role in theories of language contact, though this has begun to change in recent decades. This article provides an account of early theorizations of linguistic ideologies and their increasingly important applications to the study of contact phenomena. A brief survey of more recent theoretical advancements with respect to ideologies and contact phenomena follows, paying special attention to studies in linguistic anthropology and variationist sociolinguistics. While recognizing the challenges inherent in the study of linguistic ideologies, this article argues that they should be at the foreground of contact linguistics. To this end, methodological tools for such study are presented, along with theoretical considerations and future directions.