The role played by hereditary factors in the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) has not yet been fully established. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the prevalence of adiponectin and polymorphism in its gene receptors in connection with the primary symptoms of DM2 pathogenesis. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood of 94 patients with an established diagnosis of DM2 using the phenol–chloroform method. Gene polymorphisms were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most common polymorphic variants in patients with DM2 were the genotypes AA (rs11061971) and GG (rs16928751) on the ADIPOR2 gene. A strong correlation was found between the rs16928751 polymorphism on the ADIPOR2 gene and increased body mass index (BMI). TG (rs2275737) ADIPOR1 gene genotype carriers were found to have the highest levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), whereas TT (rs2275738) caused stable hyperglycemia. In addition, the rs16928751 ADIPOR2 gene polymorphism showed an association with the development of key mechanisms of DM2 in the Russian population, although a number of genomic searches failed to show any association of this gene with DM2. Unique gene variants associated with the risk of developing DM2 in the Crimean population were established.

A b s t r a c tIn recent years, as cardiovascular mortality is increasing, the interest in studying the influence of polyphenol-rich grape products (PRGP) on cardiovascular risks is constantly growing. The estimation of a safe and effective dose of PRGP deserves special attention, because an excessive consumption can lead to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The hygienic and curative properties the young branches of grapevine, leaves, berries, juice and wine are used in traditional medicine for a long time. The curative properties of grapes are known to be due to the presence of biologically active grape polyphenols, which are accumulated in grapeskin, pulp, and seeds, etc. Polyphenols are extracted during alcoholic fermentation and determine the antioxidant status and biological activity of wines and other grape products. Here our objective was to analyze polyphenols in red wine (RW) and extracts from red grapes (EPG) and to compare the influence of fixed concentration of polyphenols on cardiovascular parameters, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and lipid metabolism at ischemic heart disease (IHD) and essential hypertension (EH) in the course of the SPA and resort-based treatment of 259 patients. The clinical trials of therapeutic and prophylactic properties of the experimental samples of red wine and extracts of polyphenols from red grapes showed that the use of these products as part of complex therapy contributes to the significant improvement of lipid metabolism, i.e. total cholesterol was reduced by 22 % and the atherogenic index decreased by 10 %, to a reduced free radical oxidation (end products of LPO decreased by 30.3 % when using the RW, and by 32.3 % in case of EPG), as compared to the patients from control groups who were not provided with PRGP in addition to a standard rehabilitation. The normalization of cardiovascular indexes also occurred. In the most patients, the tolerance to physical activity increased by 22.4 % compared to the control group. The clinical effect was achieved during a 14-day course at a daily dose of 3.6 ml/kg for RW, and of 0.45 ml/kg for EPG. The mechanisms of action of these polyphenolic products and the possibility of their use for primary and secondary prevention of disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease are discussed.

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Highlights. The article presents a review of literature data on the diagnostic role of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers. The review provides an overview of the main indicators, their significance in various pathologies, and presents possible therapeutic strategies for preventing endothelial dysfunction.Abstract. Endothelial dysfunction is a characteristic feature of each stage of the cardiovascular continuum – a series of events from hypertension to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Due to the prominent role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases, it is a significant therapeutic target. It is important to note that circulating markers of endothelial activation and damage characterize the severity of the disease and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and subsequent prognosis. The purpose of this review is to provide up–to-date data on endothelial function, discussing its clinical relevance in the cardiovascular continuum, the latest insights in molecular and cellular biology, and their implications for clinical practice, with a focus on new methods of therapeutic approaches for correcting endothelial dysfunction.

Abdominal obesity coupled with polygenic hereditary defects is considered the initial event in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). The purpose of this study was to analyse the frequency with which polymorphic loci of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and leptin (LEP) genes occur in patients with MS and the association between the symptoms of MS and these polymorphisms. DNA was isolated from the whole blood of 207 patients with MS and 100 healthy individuals (control group) using the phenol-chloroform method. Gene polymorphisms were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most common variant of the ADIPOQ (rs2241766) gene among MS patients was the GT genotype. The A allele of the LEP (rs7799039) gene was found to be the most frequent in MS patients. The highest systolic blood pressure was found in carriers of the GG genotype of the LEP (rs7799039) gene. The carriers of the ADIPOQ (rs2241766) GT genotype were associated with the highest systolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI); carriers of the ADIPOQ (rs2241766) GG genotype were associated with the highest diastolic blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, and elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The results of this study allowed us to establish the unique gene variants associated with the risk of developing MS in the Crimean population.