Success in sports depends on several factors. One of those factors is a psychological and physical advantage, or in other words psycho-physical maturity. Relative age effect (RAE) is one of the phenomenons which can give advantages or disadvantages in sports competitions. Because of this particular effect, many children and young people experience unfair competition conditions. The goal of this study was to detect the difference in RAE existence between genders in sports by analyzing research about RAE in sports, published between 2017 and 2021. Accordingly, scientific databases „Google Scholar", „Web of Science" and „Research Gate" were used for extraction of adequate scientific papers (n=16). Analyzed papers cover a total of 25 sports (14 individual and 11 team sports). Results of this research suggest the greatest impact of RAE among young males (<18 years old), RAE occurs in 81,81% of analyzed samples. The male sample is also affected by RAE, with 85,71% of occurrence among the overall male sample, and 42,86% among the sample composed of males only. There is no significant tendency among females only, while RAE occurs among half of the female samples. The majority of RAE-positive female samples belong to individual sports while the majority of male samples belong to absolute bodyweight sports. No significant differences were found between sports and among the sample of Olympic games competitors. Also, it can be stated that RAE depends on many factors and effects, which can be controlled to a greater extent. Future research should focus on the analysis of the existence of RAE between sports, especially boundaries between groups of sports and among Olympic competitors.

Introduction: Tensiomyography (TMG) is a non-invasive and cost-effective tool that is gaining popularity in fields such as sports science, physical therapy, and medicine. In this narrative review, we examine the different applications of TMG and its strengths and limitations, including its use as a tool for sport talent identification and development.Methods: In the course of crafting this narrative review, an exhaustive literature search was carried out. Our exploration spanned several renowned scientific databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ResearchGate. The materials we sourced for our review included a broad spectrum of both experimental and non-experimental articles, all focusing on TMG. The experimental articles featured varied research designs including randomized controlled trials, quasi-experiments, as well as pre-post studies. As for the non-experimental articles, they encompassed a mix of case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies. Importantly, all articles included in our review were written in English and had been published in peer-reviewed journals. The assortment of studies considered provided a holistic view of the existing body of knowledge on TMG, and formed the basis of our comprehensive narrative review.Results: A total of 34 studies were included in the review, organized into three sections: 1) assessing muscle contractile properties of young athletes, 2) using TMG in the talent identification and development process and 3) Future research and perspectives. According to data presented here, the most consistent TMG parameters for determining muscle contractile properties are radial muscle belly displacement, contraction time, and delay time. Biopsy findings from the vastus lateralis (VL) confirmed TMG as a valid tool for estimating the ratio of myosin heavy chain (%MHC-I).Conclusion: TMGs ability to estimate the ratio of %MHC-I has the potential to aid in the selection of athletes with the muscle characteristics best suited for a particular sport, eliminating the need for more invasive procedures. However, more research is warranted to fully understand TMG’s potential and its reliability when used with young athletes. Importantly, the use of TMG technology in this process can positively impact health status, reducing the frequency and severity of injuries and the duration of recovery, and subsequently can reduce drop out rates among youth athletes. Future studies should look at twin youth athletes, as a model capable of discriminating between the influence of hereditary factors vs. environmental factors, in therms of muscle contractility and TMG’s potential for instance.

Purpose: Video materials have been used as teaching tools for many years. With the development of modern technology, new video devices have appeared that have greatly improved the quality and capabilities of video materials. This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating and comparing the current traditional and modern ways of recording ski elements. In the traditional way of recording, the cameraman stands on the ski slope and uses a camera to record a demonstration of the ski element of the skier moving toward him. On the other hand, the modern way of recording was made with the Gopro 360 max, which allows you to record video while skiing. Methods: The sample of respondents who evaluated the quality of the traditional and the Gopro 360 max videos for three skiing elements consisted of 149 students (105 male and 44 female) from the Faculty of Kinesiology Osijek. Prior to the video quality assessment test, the performance of the ski elements was explained to the students using traditional and modern video footage. When solving the ski knowledge test, students had the opportunity to watch and use traditional and/or modern videos. Results: The average score that students achieved on the ski knowledge test was 8.9 ± 2.48 points (74.16 ± 0.21%). When evaluating the quality and contribution of the videos, students rated the usefulness of the traditional method of video recording with an average score of 3.01 ± 1.25, while the modern method of video recording received an average usefulness score of 3.79 ± 1.07. The difference between the traditional and modern video recording was statistically significant at the p < 0.01 level. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that the way the Gopro360 max records and presents the skiing elements contributes significantly to the quality of the presentation and the acquisition of specific skiing knowledge compared to the traditional recording method. Keywords: Gopro360 max, ski elements, knowledge test