Чорноморський ботанічний журнал-том 9, № 3 (2013) Methods for phenotypic evaluation of crustose lichens with emphasis on Teloschistaceae 383 Описаны базовые правила сбора, подготовки и измерения материала. Предлагаемый процес описания фенотипа разделен на два этапа: (1) предварительное исследование проводится на ограниченном числе образцов, у которых оцениваются все возможные признаки; (2) детальное исследование большого количества образцов, которое включает описание только потенциально диагностических признаков, выбранных по результатам предварительного исследовани, исходя из их диагностической значимости. Ключевые слова: оценка признака, анатомия и морфология лишайников, описание фенотипа, стандартизация Amphithecium: see thalline exciple. Areoles: thallus units attached to the substrate by the entire lower surface; horizontal outline angular or rounded, ± isodiametric; areoles may be separated from each other (scattered) or forming small separated groups or they may be adjacent (contiguous areolate thalli). Other definitions and meanings of areoles exist [e.g. TØNSBERG, 1992], but our definition is suitable for studies on the morphology of Teloschistaceae. Ascospore septum (width): width of cell wall in partition of 1-septate or polarilocular ascospores (figs 4-6); some authors [e.g. WETMORE 1994, 1996] use the term isthmus, but it logically refers to the thin cytoplasmatic channel within the septum. The septum has also been denoted as "equatorial thickening" or "equatorial wall-thickening" [e.g. GAYA 2009, NAVARRO-ROSINÉS 2000] but we think these terms are confusing as it may as well be used for the thick waist occurring in citriform ascospores of the C. thallincola group. Biatorine apothecia: apothecia with well-developed or reduced true exciple, but strongly reduced or lacking thalline exciple (fig. 3). Our understanding of this term follows e.g. WIRTH [1995], but differs from the definition in SMITH et al. [2009]. "Lecideine apothecia" are similar but have black, carbonized exciples [sensu WIRTH, 1995], but this term should probably not be used within Teloschistaceae since we do not know of any species with this kind of margin. Blastidia: thallus outgrowths containing both algal cells and fungal hyphae; (typically c. 50-100 μm wide, i.e. larger than typical soredia but smaller than typical isidia); rounded, upward elongated or irregularly shaped; rarely branched; ± constricted at base; not aggregated (i.e. not forming structures like soralia); without true cortex, but thin alveolate cortex may be present. This term is sometimes used for isidia with constricted bases [e.g. TØNSBERG, 1992], but our definition is more practical for Teloschistaceae. Bullate thallus: formed of convex, seemingly inflated areoles with ± rounded horizontal outline. Cryptolecanorine apothecia: a lecanorine apothecium with a disk deeply recessed in the thallus surface and an indistinct thalline rim barely differentiated from the surrounding thallus as a low bulge; in the strict sense this term only applies to immersed lecanorine apo...

The current view of the geographical ranges of lichens is often distorted by overly narrow or overly broad applications of names and by insufficient survey of most regions of the world. Here we present several cases where species of Teloschistaceae formerly thought to be limited to rather small territories in the western or eastern parts of Eurasia are in fact widespread in northern Eurasia. We support our findings with ITS nrDNA data in several new trees showing relationships in the genera Athallia, Calogaya, Caloplaca, Flavoplaca and Gyalolechia. The widespread species have little in common, except that most of them reproduce both sexually and asexually, and we discuss the possible influence of the combined reproduction on geographical range. Calogaya bryochrysion, Calogaya saxicola, Gyalolechia epiphyta and Gyalolechia ussuriensis are new combinations. Calogaya alaskensis is a younger synonym for C. bryochrysion. The generally arctic-alpine Calogaya bryochrysion also occurs on the bark of solitary trees in dry parts of the Altai Mountains. The Australian Flavoplaca cranfieldii is a younger synonym of F. flavocitrina. Gyalolechia epiphyta has been described numerous times, from different regions and substrata, as Caloplaca juniperi, C. laricina, C. tarani, Gyalolechia arizonica and G. juniperina. The name Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea has recently been used for G. epiphyta, but it represents a distinct taxon. Gyalolechia ussuriensis is closely related to and morphologically indistinguishable from G. persimilis, but they have a different ecology and distribution and we regard them as distinct species. Caloplaca juniperina Tomin is lectotypified.

Blastenia is a widely distributed lichen genus in Teloschistaceae. We reconstructed its phylogeny in order to test species delimitation and to find evolutionary drivers forming recent Blastenia diversity. The origin of Blastenia is dated to the early Tertiary period, but later diversification events are distinctly younger. We recognized 24 species (plus 2 subspecies) within 6 infrageneric groups. Each species strongly prefers a single type of substrate (17 species occur on organic substrates, 7 on siliceous rock), and most infrageneric groups also show a clear substrate preference. All infrageneric groups tend to have the Mediterranean and Macaronesian distribution, but some epiphytic species have much larger geographic ranges and some evolved after a long-distance dispersal outside the region. Chlorinated and nonchlorinated anthraquinone chemosyndromes co-occur in apothecia of most species, but the chemotype has been secondarily reduced in some lineages. One infrageneric group has a marked reduction in apothecial size, associated with a substrate shift to twigs. Only seven species have vegetative diaspores; they also produce apothecia but have smaller ascospores. Genome sizes (22-35 Mb in Blastenia) are significantly higher in epilithic species. Within-species genetic variation is low in widely distributed species but high in some epilithic species with small geographical ranges. New taxa are: B. afroalpina, B. anatolica, B. caucasica, B. gennargentuae, B. herbidella subsp. acidophila, B. lauri, B. monticola, B. palmae, B. psychrophila, B. purpurea, B. relicta, B. remota, B. xerothermica, and B. xerothermica subsp. macaronesica. New combinations are: B. festivella and B. subathallina; both names and B. catalinae are lectotypified.

Within the Altai-Sayan region, we identified 103 species of Teloschistaceae from 1193 field records supported by herbarium vouchers. The recorded species belong to the subfamilies Xanthorioideae (46 species in 14 genera) and Caloplacoideae (57 species in 17 genera); Teloschistoideae is absent. We divided the 194 surveyed localities into four categories: arid alpine, arid non-alpine, humid alpine, humid non-alpine. Each category has a specific lichen composition and a typical combination of traits. Humid non-alpine localities are mostly inhabited by broadly distributed boreal-montane species; humid alpine sites by arctic-alpine lichens; arid non-alpine habitats are preferred by xerophilous Eurasian species and arid alpine sites by xerophilous Central Asian species with (presumably) large geographic ranges in dry continental Asia. Some arid alpine species have a thick crustose thallus with a very thick medulla and cortex; this morphological trait is confined to the Central Asian group of lichens and is absent from other climatic regions, such as arctic, boreal or oceanic Eurasia. We compared species diversity in the Altai-Sayan region with the Alps. Both regions differ in species and generic composition and the richness is higher in the latter.                Taxonomy: Caloplaca fluviatilis is newly described. New combinations are Pachypeltis insularis, P. pachythallina, P. phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida. Two of Magnusson’s names are newly synonymized: Caloplaca infestans with Pachypeltis intrudens and Caloplaca kansuensis with C. bicolor. In addition to 22 known genera, we define, provisionally, 9 groups of species that may merit recognition as genera. Caloplaca epithallina is provisionally placed in Shackletonia, but we do not formally publish a new combination. Lichenicolous Pachypeltis phoenicopta and Variospora sororicida are less host-specific than originally thought.                Floristics: Caloplaca pratensis is new to Eurasia, Caloplaca helygeoides (= C. diphyodes auct.), C. monacensis and C. soralifera are new to Asia. 12 species are new to Russia, 9 new to Siberia, 9 new to China, 2 new to Kazakhstan, and 2 new to Xinjiang. Outside the studied region Pachypeltis phoenicopta is new to Europe (Spain, Sierra Nevada) and we report the first reliable record of Pachypeltis insularis from Greece (Mt Olympus).