Background Anemia in children and adolescents affects growthand development. It is a preventable disease, but unfortunately isoften ignored until the symptoms occur. There have been limitedreports on the prevalence of anemia in children and adolescentsin Indonesia, especially from rural areas.Objective To describe the prevalence of anemia in children andadolescents in district ofMalinau, a rural area in East KalimantanProvince.Methods This cross-sectional study was done in June 20 10 usinglaboratory records between July 2009 to January 20 10. Laboratoryrecords of patients aged between 6 months and 18 years whichinvestigated were complete blood count (CBC) from ambulatory,inpatient, and emergency care ofMalinau Public Hospital in EastKalimantan. Mentzer and England & Fraser indices were used todifferentiate iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia amongmicrocytic hypochromic anemic patients.Results This study involved 709 laboratory records. Prevalenceof anemia was 53 .9% (95% CI 50.2% to 57 .5%) . The prevalenceof IDA among age groups were as follows: 29.4% (95% CI 24.3to 34.5%) in 6- 59 months group, 16% (95% CI 11 to 21 %) in5- 11.9 years, and 15.2% (95% CI 10.2 to 20.2%) in 12- 18 years.Children aged 6- 59 months tended to have more anemia th anthose aged 5- 11.9 years (OR 2. 184, 95% CI 1.398 to 3.413) oraged 12- 18 years (OR 2.3 19, 95% CI 1.464 to 3.674).Conclusion T he prevalence of an emia in children andadolescents of the Malinau Regency is 53 .9% (95% CI 50.2 to57.5%), quite similar to that of other developing countries . Agovernment program to overcome anemia is recommended, n otonly for pregnant women, but also for children and adolescents.

Background. Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are defined as stunted if their height-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median. According to the Indonesia Basic National Health Survey 2013, Indonesia’s stunting prevalence reached 37.2%. Various studies have shown that impaired cognitive development is found in children with stunting and undernutrition. This study aims to determine cognitive development in stunted and undernutrition with normal stature children using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development III (Bayley-III). Methods. A cross-sectional study on 51 children aged one month to 3 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and who visited the outpatient clinic of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital from June 2017 to January 2018 was performed. Cognitive development was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). Results. 26 children with stunting and 25 children with undernutrition with normal stature participated in this study. There was a statistically nonsignificant trend toward lower median score percentiles in the stunted group compared to that in the undernourished with normal stature group in the motor (median (range) 1 (0.1–75) vs. 4 (0–79); p = 0.183 ), cognitive (12.5 (0.1–75) vs. 16 (0.1–99.9); p = 0.550 ), and adaptive behavior (7 (0.1–75) vs. 12 (0.1–58); p = 0.657 ) domains. Conclusions. There is a trend toward lower cognitive, motor, and adaptive behavior abilities in stunted children compared to undernourished children with normal stature which needs further study. In addition, children with undernutrition have below-average abilities across all domains even before stunting has occurred.

Background. Stunting is the impairment of growth and development due to malnutrition and/or chronic disease/infection. According to the Indonesia Basic National Health Survey 2013, prevalence of stunting in Indonesia reached 37.2%. Various studies have shown that impaired cognitive development may be found in children with stunting and malnutrition. This research has purpose to determine cognitive development in stunted children and malnourished children, using Bayley Scale of Infant Development III (Bayley-III). Methods. A cross-sectional study in 51 children aged 6 month to 3 year old who fullfiled the inclusion criteria at the Outpatient Clinic of Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital from June 2017 until January 2018. Cognitive development was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development Third Edition (Bayley-III). Results. Twenty six children with stunting and 25 children with malnutrition without stunting with age of subjects were 11.0 month (2.0-34.0) and 16.0 month (7.0-25.6) respectively. Bayley-III percentile in cognitive scale were 12.5 (0.1-75) and 16.0 (0.1-99.9) with P (p-value)=0.55. Conclusions: Stunted children showed lower cognitive scores compared to the children with malnutrition. Although it was not significant, but it showed that Bayley-III scores group of stunting and malnutrition groups of children with normal stature far below the 50 percentile (P50). This showed that both children with stunting and malnutrition possible to have decreased cognitive function. Further research is needed with a larger sample to get comprehensive conclusions. Early detection and intervention also should be aimed at children who are experienced growth faltering to prevent developmental problems, especially cognitive function.

Tujuan Kedudukan etik dalam kurikulum fakultas kedokteran adalah sangat esensial tetapi metode pengajaran etika kedokteran tidak begitu banyak berubah. Kaidah dasar bioetika merupakan pengetahuan yang relevan untuk membangun pemikiran kritis mahasiswa tentang etika kedokteran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti efek pengaruh penambahan diskusi kelompok kecil pada metode kuliah konvensional terhadap tingkat pengetahuan dan retensi dari materi kaidah dasar bioetika. Penelitian ini merupakan uji kasus-kontrol, acak, dengan desain paralel. Tes Kaidah Dasar Bioetika digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kognitif dan retensi dari pengetahuan kaidah dasar bioetika. Kelompok kontrol akan diberikan kuliah secara konvensional, sedangkan kelompok intervensi selain kuliah akan dilanjutkan dengan diskusi kelompok kecil. Hasil Kuliah umum konvensional, dengan atau tanpa penambahan diskusi kelompok kecil dapat meningkatkan tingkat pengetahuan dan retensi tentang kaidah dasar bioetika (masing-masing P= 0.001 and P= 0.000). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dan tingkat retensi antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok intervensi (P= 0.000, P= 0.000, masing-masing).