Codependency is considered to be a dysfunctional form infused with the extreme focus outside oneself. Spouses of male substance abusers derive the sense of purpose from the marital relationship, while neglecting their own self-esteem, personal life, self-worth and autonomy. It not only affects their psychological health but is also varied by a number of sociodemographic factors that may contribute to the functionality of spouses. The study aims to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and codependency of spouses of substance users. Demographic characteristics included education of female spouses, types of substance abuse taken by the male spouses, family system, and profession of female spouses and socio-economic status. There was no significant correlation between the demographic characteristic however there was a significant positive correlation between age, duration of marriage and duration of substance abuse of male spouse. There was also a significant positive correlation between Education and socio-economic status, psychological and medical issue. The patterns uncovered showed to be consistent with the literature and paved way for future research.

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought an array of problems affecting people everywhere. Healthcare professionals were under immense work and emotional pressure since the advent of COVID-19 outbreak which exposed them to physical and psychological vulnerabilities. Current study was designed to investigate social support and psychological distress defined as depression, anxiety and stress in healthcare professionals serving during COVID-19. Sample comprised 321 healthcare professionals including male (n=57%) and female (n= 42%) professionals from various healthcare facilities. Majority of the participants had poor social support. Depression mean score (11.86, SD= 5.81) was in mild severity range, whereas mean score of anxiety (11.81, SD=5.76) indicated moderate severity. Mean score on stress (14.01, SD= 7.37) was towards the high side of the normal range. Data revealed gender differences in terms of mean scores on depression, anxiety, stress (p<0.05) and social support (p>0.05). Female healthcare professionals scored significantly lower (p<0.05) on all components of psychological distress namely depression, anxiety and stress than males. Those with high scores on any of the three dimensions of psychological distress also showed to have poor social support. Healthcare professionals noted to have experienced mild to moderate levels of psychological distress and showed differences in level of psychological distress based on relative exposure to patients, perceived social support and gender.

With the outbreak of a global pandemic, people were faced with many difficulties such as financial and health issues, including psychological problems. There was a sharp rise in mental health issues as people were advised to observe social distancing resulting in social isolation. The present study examined three measures of psychological distress among the undergraduate student population: depression, anxiety, and stress. It also sought to study differences in academic years and gender on measures of psychological distress. A convenient and snowball sample of 1032 undergraduate students, aged between 17 and 25 years (M=21.81, SD = 1.99), filled out a survey. DASS – 21 was used to collect data on depression, anxiety, and stress among students. Descriptive statistics showed mild to normal levels of stress (M = 9.64), anxiety (M = 8.17) and depression (M = 9.05). Independent t-tests revealed significantly higher levels of psychological distress among women compared to men. Further, a one-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses showed that only juniors had significantly higher levels of stress compared to freshmen. Factors such as social support and religion have been discussed as possible explanations for lower levels of psychological distress in the overall student population. This research highlights resilience among students and future research should focus on investigating the factors which can help in dealing with difficult situations.