Extreme solar events, such as flares accompanied by the ejection of a powerful magnetic cloud, cause perturbation of the Earth's magnetic field and form fluctuating currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. One of the negative consequences of extreme solar phenomena for technological systems is the appearance of geomagnetically induced currents in conducting ground systems, power transmission lines and pipelines. Many countries of the world already have reliable ways to predict the appearance of geomagnetic-induced currents in the electric power system. Kazakhstan, which has extensive power transmission lines and pipelines, needs its own strategy to predict and mitigate the effects of geomagnetic-induced currents. This paper shows the formation of significant geomagnetically induced currents in the region of Kazakhstan during extreme helio-geoeffective events. The first results of modeling the geoelectric field for this region are presented. The description of measurements of telluric current in urban conditions in Almaty is given [43.25°N; 76.92°E].

<p>Analysis of the direction of motion of the vector of Sq-variations of the Earth's magnetic field, depending on the time of day and season of the year, shows that the observed Sq-variation is similar to the magnetic field created by a negatively charged spherical body moving in space. Transformations of the Sq-variation vector from the local coordinate system of the magnetic observatory to the ecliptic coordinate system are performed. A possible connection between the origin of the Sq-variation and the electric dipole moment of quartz molecules oriented towards the center of the Earth during the crystallization of the mineral and causing the electric and dipole magnetic fields of the Earth is considered. A scheme for conducting an experiment that allows us to separate the effects of extraterrestrial and extraterrestrial sources of Sq-variations is proposed.</p>

<p>Asteroids approaching the Earth from the direction of the Sun and may pose a danger to the Earth are detected either too late or are not detected at all by optical observations. They can be detected using passive radar, using the radio emission of the Sun as a probing signal [2,3]. It is most convenient to use Venus, Mercury and the Moon as calibration objects when working out the method of detecting small celestial bodies, since their position relative to the Sun is easy to calculate, and their sizes are well known. If the control bodies deviate from the direction of the Sun by 2 degrees, the delay of the signals reflected from Mercury, Venus and the Moon will be 484, 118 and 0.2 ms, respectively. Due to the relatively small delay values of the reflected signals, it is impossible to use most of the available solar radio telescopes with an integration time of 1 to 10 seconds to implement this method. The radio telescope of the AMATERAS project [1], capable of receiving signals of less than 0.7 SFU with an integration time of 10 ms, is suitable for receiving and isolating reflected signals. The beam width of the radiation pattern of the AMATERAS radio spectropolarimeter is about 4 degrees at a frequency of 150 MHz, which allows receiving signals simultaneously directly from the Sun and reflected from the Moon during periods of solar eclipses. With the passive location of Mercury and Venus, it is most expedient to use type I radio flashes with a duration of less than 1 second as a probing signal. When locating the Moon, it is more convenient to use type III radio flashes, during which the radiation frequency changes at a speed of up to 20 MHz/ s (2 kHz in 10 ms). For ten years of observations of the Sun, a large amount of data has been accumulated on the AMATERAS system, including during solar eclipses, which allows us to work out algorithms for direction finding of small celestial bodies approaching the Earth from the Sun in the post-processing mode.</p> <p>References</p> <p>[1] Iwai K., Tsuchiya F., Morioka A., Misawa H. IPRT/AMATERAS: A new metric spectrum observation system for solar radio bursts // Solar Phys. 2012. V. 277. P. 447–457. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-011-9919-y.</p> <p>[2] Vassilyev I., Zhumabayev B. On the possibility of using the Orbita radio polygon for radar detection of asteroids // Satellite monitoring of geodynamic processes and space weather. – Almaty, 2020 – pp. 133-138.</p> <p>[3] Pavelyev A., Gubenko V., Matyugov S., Zakharov A., Yakovlev O. Perspectives of the bistatic radar and occultation studying of the Venus and planetary atmospheres and surfaces EGU General Assembly 2013 EGU2013-10289, 07-10 April 2013.</p>

<p>A method for determining the coordinates of geomagnetic perturbation sources based on joint data processing of the world network of magnetic observatories is proposed. A large statistical material showed the relationship of large geomagnetic storms with the interaction of two or more magnetic clouds formed as a result of coronal mass ejections. To determine the coordinates of the sources of perturbations, it is proposed to use the data of magnetic observatories of the "INTERMAGNET" international network, which has more than 100 observation points distributed around the world and equipped with modern identical hardware. The results of geomagnetic field measurement obtained by magnetic observatories are brought to a single coordinate system. It was achieved by rotation of the axes of local stations, which allows determining the coordinates of the sources of perturbations and evaluating the accuracy of specifying the coordinate system of each local observatory.</p>

<p>The paper considers the reason for the displacement of the magnetic axis relative to the axis of rotation of the Earth for the case of the quartz nature of the dipole magnetic field. A model based on a ring with a current with an uneven distribution of charges along the circumference of the ring is considered. It is shown that the magnetic axis shifts from the axis of rotation towards a greater concentration of charges and, conversely, with a decrease in the concentration of charges. The issue of reducing the number of gravity-oriented quartz crystals in areas of volcanic activity is discussed. The temporal correlation of the beginning of accelerated drift of the Earth's north magnetic pole with the development of volcanic and tectonic activity in the Yellowstone caldera is shown. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Earth's north magnetic pole is shifting towards the geographical pole relative to the geographical coordinates of the Yellowstone caldera.</p>