Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a monomeric serine-threonine kinase discovered in 1980 in a rat skeletal muscle. It has been involved in various cellular processes including embryogenesis, immune response, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, wound healing, neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. GSK3 exists in two different isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β, both containing seven antiparallel beta-plates, a short linking part and an alpha helix, but coded by different genes and variously expressed in human tissues. In the current review, we comprehensively appraise the current literature on the role of GSK3 in various cancers with emphasis on ovarian carcinoma. Our findings indicate that the role of GSK3 in ovarian cancer development cannot be decisively determined as the currently available data support both prooncogenic and tumor-suppressive effects. Likewise, the clinical impact of GSK3 expression on ovarian cancer patients and its potential therapeutic implications are also limited. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiological and clinical implications of GSK3 activity in ovarian cancer.

In prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome noninvasive screening methods are important for estimation of individual risks, in both, young population of woman and older mothers, while conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods are essential for definite diagnosis and proper genetic counseling.

Sex chromosome aneuploidies must be taken into consideration if, in the first or second trimester, abnormalities are revealed on ultrasound, mainly Turner syndrome in full or mosaic form and 47,XYY.

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a public health problem that demands rapid diagnosis and treatment and may severely impair female reproductive health. Objective: To analyze anamnestic information, laboratory findings, and clinical and microbiological features of patients with severe acute PID that underwent a surgical procedure. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 97 cases that were surgically treated in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital „Sveti Duh“ between 2009 and 2019. Results: Most women were within the age group 35-44 (38.14%). Lower abdominal pain was the most common symptom (92.78%). Compared to intraoperatively confirmed PID, C-reactive protein (CRP) yielded the highest sensitivity (88.10%) while cervical motion tenderness possessed the highest specificity (53.85%). The tubo-ovarian abscess was detected in 35.05% of intraoperative specimens, mainly occurring in women between 45-54 years (P=0.017) and absent between 15-24 (P=0.012) and 25-34 years (P=0.049). The length of hospital stay was influenced by the number of symptoms (ρ=0.316, P=0.002), admission CRP levels (ρ=0.620, P<0.001), and admission body temperature (ρ=0.386, P<0.001). Out of 59.30% of positive cultures, one pathogen was isolated in 70.59%, mainly Escherichia coli (41.18%). Admission CRP levels impacted the efficacy of microbiologic isolation (P=0.001). The empirical treatment was mostly based on the clindamycin/gentamicin combination (51.72%). Conclusion: Severe clinical picture that requires surgical treatment can be expected in women >35 years. Longer hospital stay was associated with more symptoms, higher CRP, and temperature values on admission. It is important to have a low threshold for diagnosis and to consider both aerobic and anaerobic pathogens when selecting antibiotic treatment.