Risk of violence among patients in psychiatric treatmentOse, S.O.; Lilleeng, S. ; Ruud, T.; van Weeghel, Jaap General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Background: Adverse media coverage of isolated incidents affects the public perception of the risk of violent behavior among people with mental illness. However, the risk of violence is studied most frequently among inpatients, which falsely exaggerates the prevalence of people with mental illness because the majority of individuals receive treatment as outpatients. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of the risk of violence among inpatients and outpatients in psychiatric treatment, as well as the associations with gender, age, socio-economic status and co-morbid substance use disorders in all major diagnostic categories. Methods: We conducted a national census of patients in specialist mental health services in Norway, which included 65% of all inpatients (N ¼ 2,358) and 60% of all outpatients (N ¼ 23,124).Results: The prevalence of the risk of violence was 32% among inpatients and 8% among outpatients, where 80% of the patients in specialist mental health services were outpatients. If we weight the prevalence rates accordingly, less than 2% of the patients in specialist mental health services had a high risk of violent behavior. Conclusions:The stigma attached to those with mental illness is not consistent with the absence or low to modest risk of violent behavior in 98% of the patient group. Substance use disorders must be given priority in the treatment of all patient groups. Mental health care in general and interventions that target violent behavior in particular should address the problems and needs of these patients better, especially those who are unemployed, have a low level of education and have a background of being a refugee or an immigrant.

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Due to COVID-19, numerous universities and colleges have been forced to arrange home-based exams in many countries. We know relatively little about what consequences this might have for the ranking of students based on qualifications in the various subjects. This is an important issue for administrators, educators, and others involved in planning the design of higher education. The intention of this article is to get more insight into this issue. By analysing administrative data from a Norwegian Business School, we examined the impact of moving from traditional school exams to home-based exams in 2020 due to COVID-19. The chosen methodology is the comparison of means by using t-test and standard linear regression models. The results indicate a weaker link between high school performance and achievements in business administration courses. Furthermore, home-based exams might disadvantage older students. This is useful knowledge in the judgement as to whether or not to introduce home-based exams as a permanent arrangement.

This chapter summarizes our perspectives on the Norwegian grocery market, and why we have challenged scientific authors to contribute to the present book. Generally, we argue that much of the Norwegian public debate about the functioning of the food supply chain, concentration, market power and the potential competition remedies suggested, is taking place more 'despite of' than 'because of' empirical knowledge. The first part of this chapter summarizes the five primarily empirical articles of this book, drawing the bigger picture on the Norwegian grocery market. These contributions cover questions like: How do the Norwegian market structure and prices compare to other countries' market struc ture and prices? How has productivity developed over time? How are the Norwegian import restrictions functioning, and how do consumers think about national brands? Given this overview, we discuss potential remedies that might increase efficiency in this market. This discussion is mirroring parts of the sixth article in this book, where the Norwegian competition law and the negotiations in the vertical chain are discussed in more detail.

Background/purpose -Home-based exams were introduced during COVID-19 with an open-book format and limited control over dishonest student behavior. Such exams were used in lieu of traditional, closed-book school-based exams as a necessity due to the pandemic. This article investigates whether or not students' grades from home-based assessment exams differed from the grades they achieved in traditional school-based exams.Materials/methods -Using administrative data from 2017 to 2020 from a business school in Norway, a quantitative approach that compared differences, correlation analysis, and regression models was applied in the study.Results -By switching from school-based to home-based exams, students' academic success during their second year of business school showed a smaller association with students' outcomes from their first year. One interpretation is that skilled students achieved weaker performance in home-based exams.Conclusion -Home-based exams without any control mechanisms appear to result in different student rankings. This knowledge may be useful for employers looking to hire applicants who graduated during the COVID-19 pandemic.