This study focuses on a description of the Boxer Rebellion in Beijing, in the first months of 1901, written by E. S. Vraz during his second journey to China. Enrique Stanko Vraz (1860–1932) was a Czech naturalist and explorer, renowned for his travels to Africa, Latin America, and Asia, which he depicted in a series of books addressed to a broader public. His travelogue on Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion is particularly engaging, since it shows the country in the midst of great turmoil and chaos, just after the uprising had reached its climax. It is also extremely interesting from the ethnographical and anthropological perspective, because Vraz not only comments on the activities of the allied forces in China, but he also describes the Chinese people, their customs, Chinese culture and society, and in doing so develops an interpretation of the kingdom, governed by the dichotomy between ‘civilization’ and modernity, on one hand, and ‘barbarism’ and obscurantism, on the other. Vraz’s narrative therefore seems to be inexorably bound to an ethnocentric paradigm, so characteristic of travel writing at the beginning of the 20th century. I argue, however, that this statement is oversimplifying, and that Vraz’s text is self-aware of these antagonisms and therefore defies any straightforward reading.
ResumenLa presencia y la función de la imagen en la literatura espiritual altomoderna constituye un problema de primer orden, en el que convergen múltiples aspectos -iconográficos, históricos y sociales, pero también teológicos y doctrinales. La imagen es objeto de las controversias religiosas más significativas de la Primera Edad Moderna, e interviene, en gran medida, en la profunda fractura doctrinal en la Europa de la segunda mitad del siglo xvi. El presente estudio analiza el papel de la imagen en los tratados de meditación de los siglos xvi y xvii. Revisa las premisas doctrinales que sustentan la teoría de la imagen devota; expone los debates teologales acerca de su uso legítimo y apropiado por parte de los creyentes, y el papel de la figura material en las prácticas meditativas. Por último, explora la imagen como vehículo de la censura difusa, esto es, considera su actuación en el sutil -pero por ello no menos eficaz-disciplinamiento doctrinal de los fieles.Palabras clave meditación; bildmeditation; tratados de oración y meditación; imagen; figura; censura; censura difusa; disciplinamiento; Primera Edad Moderna; conocimiento de Dios; visibilia; invisibilia; imaginación AbstractThe role and the use of the image constitutes an extraordinarily interesting topic in the analysis of Early Modern devotional literature, in which numerous aspects (iconographical, historical, social, theological and doctrinal) are to be considered. The image, in fact, represents a key issue in Early Modern religious debates, and plays a significant role in the Reformation and Counter Reformation fracture in the second half of the 16 th century. The present study assesses the role of image in the 16 th and 17 th century meditation treatises
ResumenEl objetivo del presente artículo es examinar cómo se articula el ideal de la eruditio en la Primera Edad Moderna. Pretende revisar las vías fundamentales de transmisión y organización del conocimiento -los itinerarios del saber-, y las aspiraciones de la perfecta erudición. Examina los modelos centrales de la metodología pedagógica, expuestos en los programas educativos del Humanismo, y los objetivos más importantes de la formación en las bonae literae. Quiere avanzar algunas hipótesis sobre los fundamentos del sistema epistemológico altomoderno, y pretende evidenciar que determinados paradigmas gnoseológicos, atribuidos a la Modernidad, pueden detectarse ya en la episteme renacentista.Palabras clave educación; Primera Edad Moderna; Humanismo; episteme; organización del saber; artes excerpendi; rationes studiorum Abstract Varia lección and encyclopaedia: Early Modern ideals of erudition This paper aims at analyzing the configuration of the Early Modern ideal of eruditio. It focuses on examining the fundamental channels of transmission and organization of knowledge, as well as the aspirations of the perfect erudition. It studies the predominant models of pedagogical methodology, designed in Renaissance educational treatises, and the fundamental goals of training in bonae literae. It attempts to prove that certain gnoseological paradigms, traditionally attributed to Modernity, can be detected already in Renaissance epistemological models.
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