Research on oil residuals in lowland forest soil was carried out in 6 sample plots in the lowland forest ecosystem located in an oil field. Four plots were differently affected in terms of discharged oil and the time lapsed after the accident, as well as in terms of micro-relief terrain features. One plot was established in a reclaimed mud ditch site, while the control plot was set up in a micro-relief elevation outside the influence of oil pollution.Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations were measured at three soil depths at the beginning and the end of the vegetation period. The analysis of the results revealed significant differences in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations among the sites. Increased TPH concentrations were recorded in several plots, while the values measured in some other plots indicated very low quantities of residual TPH in the soil. The highest average TPH concentrations (200-400 mg kg −1 ) were recorded in the mud ditch site. In one of the plots exposed to oil pollution after an oil pipe rupture, there was the constant presence of increased TPH concentration in the surface soil part (>200 mg kg −1 on average). The sporadic presence of increased TPH concentrations in micro-depressions that cannot be attributed to a local accident indicates seasonal soil pollution with petroleum carbohydrates from floodwater.The soil in the sample plots is not contaminated with soluble salts or heavy metals. Low values of TPH concentrations in the soil water eluate indicate that the soil does not represent a source of hydrospheric pollution with petrol hydrocarbons.
Silver fir is one of the most threatened conifer species in Croatia, especially at the western edge of its spread in Croatian Dinarides, where the decline in fir trees has resulted in significant ecological and economic issues. The aim of this study was to determine, over an 18-year monitoring period, the relationships of silver fir crown defoliation with climatic factors and structural attributes. We further analyzed the tree retention time in a given defoliation class and transition dynamics between defoliation classes, as well as the survival/mortality of trees. Data on silver fir defoliation were analyzed in two different forest types: in pure silver fir and in mixed silver fir and common beech stands. The climatic factors, primarily vegetation period air temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and dry season water deficit, were correlated with crown defoliation. Regarding the structural attributes, in the mixed stand with predominantly smaller trees, crown defoliation increased with reduced diameter at breast height, crown diameter, social class, and crown illumination. In the pure fir stand, crown defoliation increased with reduced crown diameter, greater crown asymmetry, greater crown illumination, and on trees with a stork’s nest crown. The retention time in defoliation classes differed for research sites. Transition dynamics were different only for trees in the highest defoliation class (dead trees). At the end of the study period, silver fir mortality was higher in the pure fir stand. Increased silver fir defoliation and mortality can be expected in the future, particularly in overmature stands under prolonged drought stress. Permanent forest monitoring could ensure the high-quality data needed for adaptive management of fir stands that could positively influence the structure of these stands and, thus, improve their health status.
Klimu kao prosječno stanje vremena određuju srednje vrijednosti, ali i kolebanja klimatskih elemenata. S obzirom na to da je klima najvažniji stanišni čimbenik, nužno ju je motriti, opisivati, analizirati i pratiti njezine promjene. Prikupljeni su podaci o vrijednostima temperature zraka (°C), količine oborine (mm) i relativne vlažnosti zraka (%) za meteorološke postaje Grič, u središtu grada, i Maksimir, u suburbanom dijelu grada. Na osnovi promatranih i mjerenih klimatskih elemenata izračunati su različiti klimatski indeksi koji pobliže opisuju klimu grada Zagreba. Analiziran je i trend Palmerova indeksa oštrine suhoće (scPDSI). Temperatura zraka (°C), količina oborine (mm), kao i iznos potencijalne evapotranspiracije (mm) imali su znatno više vrijednosti u središtu grada u odnosu na suburbani dio grada. Suburbani dio grada humidniji je u odnosu na središte grada. Trend Palmerova indeksa oštrine suhoće za travanj, srpanj i kolovoz upućuje na povećanje aridnosti na području Zagreba.
Usluge šumskih ekosustava i funkcije šuma imaju slično značenje, iako se djelomično razlikuju. Funkcije šuma se odnose na namjenu i svrhu šuma od kojih ljudi imaju koristi, dok su usluge šumskih ekosustava posljedice i rezultati funkcija šuma, odnosno koristi od ekosustava za čovjeka i okoliš. Usluge šumskih ekosustava se odnose na sve funkcije šuma, dok se općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ) odnose samo na one funkcije šuma od kojih svi ljudi imaju koristi. Park šuma Marjan (PŠM) sa svojim različitim ekosustavima pruža brojne usluge i koristi stanovnicima Splita, posjetiteljima park šume i drugim organizmima. U Park šumi Marjan koja je površine od oko 300 ha, najzastupljeniji su šumski ekosustavi koji zauzimaju 2/3 park šume. U radu je po prvi puta definirano 28 usluga šumskih ekosustava PŠM na temelju međunarodne podjele usluga ekosustava i drugih podjela OKFŠ. Pomoću anketnog upitnika napravljeno je rangiranje tih usluga. Pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava bile su stvaranje čistog i svježeg zraka, pružanje prirodnog prostora za rekreaciju, pružanje prirodnog prostora za odmor, stvaranje kisika i pružanje prirodnog prostora za edukativne aktivnosti. Procjena novčanih vrijednosti pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava napravljena je na temelju određenih kriterija i indikatora. Procijenjene vrijednosti pojedinih najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava iznosile su od 700 do 77.000 kn po hektaru godišnje. Procijenjena ukupna vrijednost pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava iznosila je 122.000 kn po ha godišnje, odnosno oko 24,4 milijuna kn godišnje za 200 ha šuma PŠM. Napravljena je i aproksimativna procjena vrijednosti preostalih 23 usluge šumskih ekosustava PŠM. Ukupna procijenjena vrijednost svih 28 usluga šumskih ekosustava PŠM iznosila je oko 708.000 kn po ha godišnje, odnosno oko 141,6 milijuna kn godišnje za 200 ha šuma PŠM. Analizirane su i vrijednosti općekorisnih funkcija šuma dobivene na temelju procjene općekorisnih funkcija šuma prema programu gospodarenja za PŠM, zatim na temelju procjene općekorisnih funkcija mediteranskih šuma i na temelju godišnjeg iznosa naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma. Procjene su iznosile od 200 kn do 402.000 kn po ha godišnje. Procjene novčanih vrijednosti usluga ekosustava, pa tako i šumskih ekosustava, imaju važnu ulogu u planovima zaštite, upravljanja i gospodarenja ekosustavima, kao i pri smanjivanju nepovoljnih ljudskih utjecaja na ekosustave i njihove usluge o kojima ovisi blagostanje sadašnjih i budućih generacija.
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