For the past two decades, slide-based presentation has been the method of content delivery in medical education. In recent years, other teaching modalities involving three-dimensional (3D) visualization such as 3D printed anatomical models, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) have been explored to augment the education experience. This review article will analyze the use of slide-based presentation, 3D printed anatomical models, AR, and VR technologies in medical education, including their benefits and limitations.

The utility of three-dimensional visualization modalities such as three-dimensional printing, augmented reality, and virtual reality has transformed the field of surgery in the past few years. These modalities have demonstrated value in preoperative planning, procedural training, and surgical guidance in many surgical specialties. This review explores the current use of three-dimensional visualization modalities in surgery and further investigates its use and potential in the subspecialty of congenital heart defect surgery.