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obtained from water systems in public buildings in Poland were tested. Susceptibility testing was performed using the E-test method. The tested antibiotic were azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin. The medium used for the susceptibility testing was BCYE-, a special medium for Legionella cultivation. Results. Among the tested strains, L. pneumophila was the only one resistant to azithromycin. It was a strain of L. pneumophila SG 2-14 isolated from the water system in a sanitorium. All isolates were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. However, the azithromycin-resistant strain exhibited higher ciprofloxacin and rifampicin MIC (1.5 μg/ml, and 0.19 μg/ml, respectively). The MIC 50 for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin were 0,032, 0,125, and 0,003 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC 90 for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin were 0,032, 0,125, and 0,003 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusions. Azithromycin resistance was found in one strain of L. pneumophila SG 2-14, but the resistance mechanism is unknown and needs further study. It is possible that therapeutic failures in Legionnaires' disease may be associated with bacterial resistance which should be taken into account. The antibiotic sensitivity testing described in this study could be helpful in detecting the resistance of clinical L. pneumophila isolates. Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin have good in vitro activity against environmental L. pneumophila SG 1 and SG 2-14 in Poland.

Authors' contribution Wkład autorów: A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane-analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. Literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. Physical activity is a crucial component of a healthy lifestyle. Thus, it should be diagnosed in students as future elites, especially those in medical faculties, i.e. medical and nursing departments. The aim of the present research is knowledge about the level of physical activity of nurses, including the factors that determine it. Material and methods. The research was carried out in 2017 and involved 279 nurses aged 21-30 (mean 23.5 ± 2.4 years) from the Medical Education Centre in Niort, France. The physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-long version, supplemented with additional questions. Results. Most nurses (75.4%) demonstrated a high level of physical activity or a moderate one − 18.9%. Only in some persons (5.7%), it could be described as low. The total level of physical activity was 6573.0 MET / min-week, and the dominant activity related to work or studying, i.e. 2823.2 MET, which amounted to 43.0% of the total activity. The place of origin − the city, as well as the year of study, the second and third year, turned out to be decisive factors significantly affecting the higher level of physical activity in nurses. Conclusions. Nurses exhibit a high PA (physical activity) level and a correct BMI index, which proves that their lifestyle can be considered as healthy.

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Summary:The development of civilization, economic growth, urbanization, industrialization and progress in medicine bring to the society an improvement in the quality of life, but at the same time caused changes in lifestyle, environmental conditions, and changes in the natural environment. All of these led to develop civilization diseases which have critical impact and the adverse effect on our health, about what we not always realize. In the past ifty years, about 30 new pathogens appeared causing diseases such as legionellosis, Lyme disease, and increase unexpectedly tuberculosis incidence which in some regions is associated with HIV infections. Also widespread use of antibiotics caused and still causing bacterial resistance increase to most of them. With the development of medicine and surgery, parallel effects of surgical areas and infections associated with implanted cardiac devices in the majority of the life-saving ones appeared. The development of research techniques allowed for the inding of new relationships between ecosystems in the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract with of obesity in the society. The presence of new health aspects of civilization diseases impose pressure to create new prevention methods and public education.Keywords: Lyme disease, legionellosis, tuberculosis, microbiome, antibiotic resistance Civilization human health was changing over the centuries as a response to the processes of urbanization, industrialization and environmental change. It was related with development and size of infections epidemics, and mortality. During that time we observed progress in medical knowledge, prevention methods, and generally accepted public health status. Traces of the effects of infection are visible in prehistoric anthropological research, and they concern tuberculosis changes in bones, smallpox. The irst mention of the epidemic was recorded in the ifth century BC, and its direct cause was crowding inhabitants and troops within the area of Athens. Mortality rate was high, and the main reason for that was the lack of awareness of proper hygiene. In the Middle were great epidemics of smallpox, plague, cholera, in luenza which destroyed entire cities and the states. They were largely caused by overcrowding of cities and increased migration of the population. In the subsequent centuries the scale of infectious diseases was modi ied by the process of urbanization development of industry (late nineteenth and twentieth century). Progress of microbiological knowledge fallowed by discoveries of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Ilya Mechnikov. The irst preventive vaccinations against smallpox were introduced thanks to the observations of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century.Modern civilization is still not free from infectious diseases in spite of signi icant progress in medicine economic, and social achievements. We observe important changes in the pro ile of infections, prevention methods, species of pathogenic microorganisms and their sensitivity to antibiotics. At the end of the twentieth cent...