In the present study, we have examined the kinetics and magnitude of expression of the CD28 and CD152 molecules on unstimulated and anti-CD3 þ rIL-2-stimulated peripheral blood CD4 þ and CD8 þ T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and controls. The mean percentages of both CD3 þ /CD4 þ /CD28 þ and CD3 þ /CD8 þ /CD28 þ cells were significantly lower in B-CLL than in controls before culture, decreased rapidly, reaching their lowest levels between 24 and 48 h, and returned to basal levels after 72 h of culture. In controls, the lowest proportions of CD3 þ /CD4 þ /CD28 þ and CD3 þ /CD8 þ / CD28 þ cells were found after 24 h and returned to prestimulation levels after 48 h of stimulation. We observed significantly higher proportions of unstimulated CD3 þ /CD4 þ /CD152 þ and CD3 þ /CD8 þ /CD152 þ cells in B-CLL patients than in controls. The highest percentages of CD3 þ /CD4 þ /CD152 þ and CD3 þ /CD8 þ /CD152 þ cells were observed in controls after 72 h, and in B-CLL patients after 24 h, and remained statistically higher after 48, 72 and 96 h of stimulation. CD152 molecule expression returned to prestimulation levels after 96 h of culture in controls, and after 120 h in B-CLL patients. The abnormal kinetics and levels of CD28 and CD152 expression on T cells in B-CLL may lead to a state of hyporesponsiveness or anergy and could be one of the mechanisms of immune deficiency in this disease.

MZO-2, applied systemically or locally, may serve as a potential drug for amelioration of inflammatory processes.

Background: Differences in duration of bone healing in various parts of the human skeleton are common experience for orthopaedic surgeons. The reason for these differences is not obvious and not clear.