22 Grupa "pożyczki" obejmuje głównie kredyty bankowe oraz inne pożyczki udzielane przez instytucje pośrednictwa finansowego. Kategoria "obligacje" dotyczy obligacji korporacyjnych oraz weksli skarbowych. Pod terminem "inne" kryją się pożyczki z innych źródeł, nie wymienionych w pozostałych grupach, np. rządowe i zagraniczne pożyczki lub zobowiązania handlowe.

The paper aims at assessing the changes in flows of selected forms of capital under deepening financial integration in the European Union. EU Member States are divided into two groups: members of the euro area and those outside of it. The analysis coincides with the establishing of the EU monetary union and covers the turn and early 21st century. We have reviewed major theoretical concepts providing grounds for further considerations. Together with the progressing financial integration of the EU Member States there is an increase in the overall value of financial flows measured with net IIP. Research method applied in this particular study includes the overview of theoretical concepts, literature review and a comparative analysis based on statistical data. Analyses of selected data revealed significant differences between developed and developing countries when it comes to various forms of net capital and its relation to the GDP based on the International Investment Position. The analysis of the degree of financial and trade integration of the Eurozone countries compared to the Member States outside of the euro area demonstrated that the two groups are at two opposite extremes.

This paper analyses the relationship between the domestic credit to GDP ratio and economic growth in a group of 11 countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The parameters of the econometric model used, were estimated using a pooled regression method and the Blundell‑Bond systemic estimator. The results of our empirical investigation show that the entire group can be divided into 3 homogeneous sub‑groups with different values of the optimal level of domestic credit to GDP ratio. Estimation of the parameters with the use of a panel model show that Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovakia would probably have reached a higher level of economic growth if the analysed coefficient had been at a level of 0.48. In the case of the sub‑group encompassing Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary, the optimal value of the analysed coefficient turned out to be 0.6. In the case of the Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania sub‑group, the development of the financial system, which is represented in this article by the ratio of domestic credit to GDP, does not seem to have any impact on the rate of growth of real GDP.

Abstract:The paper aims at assessing the changes in flows of selected forms of capital under deepening financial integration in the European Union. EU Member States are divided into two groups: members of the euro area and those outside of it. The analysis coincides with the establishing of the EU monetary union and covers the turn and early 21st century. Research method applied in this particular study includes the overview of theoretical concepts, literature review and a comparative statistical analysis based on statistical data. Analyses of selected data revealed significant differences between developed and developing countries when it comes to various forms of net capital and its relation to the GDP based on the International Investment Position. Moreover, we evaluated the International Investment Position of Poland against the backdrop of selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the eurozone members.