Moebius syndrome (MBS) is a rare congenital cranial nerve disorder characterized by unilateral, bilateral symmetrical, or asymmetrical facial (VII) and abducens (VI) nerve palsies. Genetics and rhombencephalon vascular disturbances from intrauterine environmental exposures have been attributed to its development. It can present with various orofacial abnormalities. Although the diagnosis is purely clinical, certain characteristic features are present in the brain's images. With no cure, it is essential to devise management on a personalized basis. We discuss etiology, presentation, diagnostic approaches, and effective management in the existing literature. This comprehensive review examines the clinic-pathological aspects of Moebius syndrome. The authors employed the PUBMED base index to identify pertinent literature and reference it according to research keywords. Findings suggest the most popular etiology is the theory of intrauterine vascular disruption to the brainstem during embryogenesis, followed by the genetic hypothesis. Intrauterine environmental exposures have been implicated as potential risk factors. Facial and abducens nerve palsies are the most common presenting features. However, clinical manifestations of lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII) may be present with orthopedic anomalies and intellectual deficiencies. The diagnosis is clinical with minimal defined diagnostic criteria. Characteristic radiological manifestations involving the brainstem and cerebellum can be observed in imaging studies. With no definitive treatment options, a multidisciplinary approach is employed to provide supportive care. Despite radiological manifestations, Moebius syndrome is diagnosed clinically. Although incurable, a multidisciplinary approach, with personalized rehabilitative measures, can manage physical and psychological deficits; however, standard guidelines need to be established.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently the most significant public health concern globally, having affected more than 24 million patients and caused an excess of 0.83 million deaths since its emergence in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. There have been similar Coronavirus outbreaks in the past, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In this review article, we discussed the epidemiology, virology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and effective treatment modalities for COVID-19 in light of existing literature. Methodology: The aim of conducting this systematic review was to compare the three human coronavirus outbreaks: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Multiple search engines were used and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were referenced. Results: The findings suggest that COVID-19 shares substantial characteristics with both SARS and MERS, SARS being more closely related to COVID-19 in terms of epidemiological characters, particularly their viral reservoirs. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 use the same receptor to gain access to the host cells, while MERS-CoV uses a different entry point. The radiological manifestations of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are similar as well. Conclusion: The recurrent appearance of coronaviruses in the human population makes it crucial to study them in great details. Furthermore, owing to its similarity to previous coronavirus outbreaks, the lasting effects of COVID-19 on pulmonary tissue must be investigated. Moreover, at the time of writing this paper, no vaccines are available against COVID-19, a facet that requires extensive global research.

No abstract