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We present a rationalization of the Raman spectra of orthorhombic and rhombohedral, stoichiometric and doped, manganese perovskites. In particular, we study RMnO 3 (RϭLa, Pr, Nd, Tb, Ho, Er, Y, and Ca͒ and the different phases of Ca-or Sr-doped RMnO 3 compounds as well as cation deficient RMnO 3 . The spectra of manganites can be understood as combinations of two kinds of spectra corresponding to two structural configurations of MnO 6 octahedra and independently of the average structure obtained by diffraction techniques. One type of spectra corresponds to the orthorhombic Pbnm space group for octahedra with cooperative or dynamic Jahn-Teller distortions, with stretching modes as the main features and whose frequencies correlate to Mn-O distances. The other spectrum is associated to regular but tilted octahedra whose modes can be described in the rhombohedral R3c structure, where only bending and tilt modes are observed. The main peaks of compounds with regular MnO 6 octahedra, such as CaMnO 3 , highly Ca-doped LaMnO 3 , or the metallic phases of Ca-or Sr-doped LaMnO 3 , are bending and tilt MnO 6 octahedra modes which correlate to R-O(1) bonds and Mn-O-Mn angles, respectively. In low and optimally doped manganites, the intensity and width of the broad bands are related to the amplitude of the dynamic fluctuations produced by polaron hopping in the paramagnetic insulating regime. The activation energy, which is proportional to the polaron binding energy, is the measure of this amplitude. This study permits to detect and confirm the coexistence, in several compounds, of a paramagnetic matrix with lattice polaron together with regions without dynamic or static octahedron distortions, identical to the ferromagnetic metallic phase. We show that Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool to obtain information on the local structure of the different microphases or macrophases present simultaneously in many manganites.

Hexagonal, nonperovskite HoMnO3 oxide, containing a triangular arrangement of Mn3+ cations, has been prepared in polycrystalline form by the thermal decomposition of metal citrates. The crystal structure has been refined from neutron powder diffraction data. Magnetic and specific-heat measurements anticipate a complex phase diagram:  HoMnO3 becomes magnetically ordered at T N ≈ 72 K, and another two magnetic transitions take place at lower temperatures. Neutron powder diffraction measurements demonstrate that, below the ordering temperature, the moments of the Mn3+ cations adopt a triangular spin arrangement, the magnetic moments lying in the basal plane and parallel to the [100] axis. At T = 44.6 K, the moments suddenly reorientate within the basal plane and become aligned perpendicularly to the initial direction. Below T = 25.4 K, an ordered magnetic moment is observed on the Ho atoms at the 4b sites of the crystal structure, whereas those of the 4a site remain in a paramagnetic state. The Ho atoms adopt an antiferromagnetic structure with the moments parallel to the c axis. At 1.7 K, the ordered moment on the Mn3+ cations is 3.05(2) μB, and that on the Ho3+ cations is 2.97(3) MB.