El cerdo Ibérico y la mayor parte las razas de cerdos Mediterráneos, han sido consideradas como cerdos autóctonos tradicionalmente vinculados al medio en los que se han desarrollado, con libertad de movimientos y alimentación basada en recursos naturales. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre el papel medioambiental desempeñado por estas razas, y en la actualidad, los sistemas productivos respetuosos con el medio están ganado reconocimiento. Además, en el futuro la contaminación generada por las granjas porcinas será objeto de una regulación más rígida de la que existe hoy día, debido a la rápida expansión experimentada por este tipo de producción en los países desarrollados. El 34 % de los gases de efecto invernadero generados en la producción de carne de cerdo, corresponden a las fases de cría y engorde de los animales. Para esta finalidad, España importa maíz y soja de más de 39 países diferentes. Estos flujos de mercado ocasionan una gran cantidad de CO2, y añadido a esto, los sistemas de producción porcina intensivos generan una gran cantidad de purines. En este punto, es importante remarcar los sistemas tradicionales de producción de cerdo Ibérico caracterizados por un ciclo de producción largo y una baja densidad de animales, donde los residuos orgánicos generados no son un problema medioambiental añadido. En conclusión, las implicaciones medioambientales de la producción de cerdos mediterráneos en condiciones extensivas, aún no se han cuantificado y deben ser estudiados. Por tanto, se necesita un mayor número de investigaciones que desarrollen prácticas respetuosas con el medio ambiente evitando así impactos medioambientales innecesarios.
The aim of this study was to describe the postweaning growth of Iberian piglets and its relationship with the occurrence of diarrhea. To assess these factors in response to different weaning ages, a total of 360 pure-breed Iberian piglets were studied. Three trials were conducted with 120 piglets from 24 litters randomly assigned to be weaned at 28 or 42 d of age (12 litters and 60 piglets each). In each trial and from each weaning age, 4 groups of 15 piglets were assembled with different sexes and sizes (3 litters by group and 5 animals from each litter; 12 replicates and 180 piglets/weaning age). The duration of study period was 42 d and all animals were weighed weekly from 21 to 63 d of age. Food intake and fecal consistency were examined with the same frequency. General linear models and chi-square procedure was used with SPSS statistical package to perform the analysis with a confidence interval of 95% (P < 0.005). Pearson and Spearman analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables. At the beginning (P = 0.798) and end of the study (P = 0.450) there were no significant differences between piglet weights. After weaning, there were differences in food intake and in conversion rates (P < 0.001), but there were no differences in ADG for the whole study period (P = 0.335). All groups experienced a similar decline in production rates during the first week after weaning and similar recovery times during the next weeks. Both weaning groups had a similar overall prevalence (P = 0.044) and incidence of diarrheal onset (P = 0.467), and regression analysis showed relationships between postweaning diarrhea and the overall prevalence of piglets before weaning (P < 0.01) and food intake during first week postweaning (P < 0.01). Therefore, weaning age has a similar influence on postweaning growth and on postweaning diarrhea in Iberian piglets.
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