Batesian mimicry is the process in which harmless species adopt the appearance of a dangerous, aposematic species. In some prey species, both Batesian mimetic and non-Batesian morphs coexist, presupposing that both morphs have to be evolutionarily advantageous. The viperine snake, Natrix maura, exhibits a zigzag dorsal pattern and antipredatory behavior that mimics European vipers. This snake also has a striped dorsal pattern that coexists with the zigzag pattern. We have examined whether individuals belonging to different geographically structured clades were more likely to exhibit a certain dorsal pattern, and whether the zigzag pattern has a protective function by exposing artificial snakes to predation in natural environments, in addition to comparing antipredatory behavior between zigzag and striped snakes also in natural environments. Our results indicate that the striped pattern was not geographically structured, but habitat-dependent. Aerial predators less frequently attacked zigzag plasticine models than striped or unpatterned models. We detected a shift in antipredator behavior between the 2 morphs, as Batesian mimicking N. maura responded to an approaching potential predator by remaining immobile or fleeing at shorter distances than did striped ones. We conclude that Batesian mimics maintain the cryptic and aposematic value by resembling vipers, whereas in open habitats the non-Batesian mimic has altered its antipredator behavior to maintain its fitness.
La abundancia y reproducción del pelícano pardo (Pelecanus occidentalis) se estudió en dos bahías del pacífico central Mexicano, Bahía de Navidad y Bahía Chamela, ubicadas en la costa de Jalisco. De diciembre de 2007 a noviembre de 2009 se registró mensualmente el número de pelícanos pardos en ambas bahías, así como el número de nidos, huevos y pollos en la isla Cocinas. Se midió mensualmente la temperatura superficial del agua, nutrientes (NO2 -, NO3 -, NH4 + y PO4 -) y la productividad primaria (clorofila a). El mayor número de pelícanos se registró de enero a marzo, en ambas bahías. Hubo una mayor abundancia de aves en la Bahía Chamela, principalmente a principios de 2009. El período reproductivo del pelícano pardo se extendió de diciembre a julio en los dos años. El mayor número de nidos se observó en marzo y abril, con un estimado de 480 (90.7 nidos/hectárea) en toda la temporada de anidación del 2008, y de 1,200 (226.8 nidos/hectárea) en 2009. En 2008 se estimaron 1,310 huevos y 800 pollos, mientras que en 2009 se estimaron 3,348 huevos y 2,200 pollos. Tanto el número de aves, como el número de nidos, huevos y pollos registrados en 2009 fueron mayores cuando la temperatura del agua registró sus valores más bajos y la productividad primaria (clorofila a) y nutrientes, principalmente NO3 - y PO4 - más altos. Estas variables tienen un efecto directo en la concentración de un mayor número de peces.
The stranding of a harp seal on the beach in the municipality of Motril (southern Spain) represents the first record of this species in the Mediterranean Sea and the southernmost known report. It was a male which reached the beach very tired and sick, dying after two hours on the sand. The specimen presented three species of epibionts. This is the second species of Arctic seal recorded in the Mediterranean Sea.
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