Dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in healthcare institutions affects both patients and health-care workers (HCW), as well as the institutional capacity to provide essential health services. Here, we investigated an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a “non-COVID-19” hospital ward unveiled by massive testing, which challenged the reconstruction of transmission chains. The contacts network during the 15-day period before the screening was investigated, and positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples were subjected to virus genome sequencing. Of the 245 tested individuals, 48 (21 patients and 27 HCWs) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. HCWs were mostly asymptomatic, but the mortality among patients reached 57.1% (12/21). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all cases were part of the same transmission chain. By combining contact tracing and genomic data, including analysis of emerging minor variants, we unveiled a scenario of silent SARS-CoV-2 dissemination, mostly driven by the close contact within the HCWs group and between HCWs and patients. This investigation triggered enhanced prevention and control measures, leading to more timely detection and containment of novel outbreaks. This study shows the benefit of combining genomic and epidemiological data for disclosing complex nosocomial outbreaks, and provides valuable data to prevent transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare facilities.

Background. Dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in healthcare institutions affects both patients and health-care workers (HCW), as well as the institutional capacity to provide essential health services. Methods. We conducted an investigation of a cluster of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases detected in a 'non-COVID-19' hospital ward during Summer 2020. The magnitude of the nosocomial outbreak was disclosed by massive testing, challenging the retrospective reconstruction of the introduction and transmission events. An in-depth contact tracing investigation was carried out to identify the contacts network during the 15-day period before the screening. In parallel, positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples were subjected to virus genome sequencing. Results. Of the 245 tested individuals, 48 (21 patients and 27 HCWs) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. HCWs were mostly asymptomatic, but the mortality among the vulnerable patient group reached 57.1% (12/21). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all cases were part of the same transmission chain, thus confirming a single origin behind this nosocomial outbreak. By combining vast epidemiological and genomic data, including analysis of emerging minor variants, we unveiled a scenario of silent SARS-CoV-2 dissemination within the hospital ward, mostly driven by the close contact within the HCWs group and between HCWs and patients. This investigation triggered enhanced prevention and control measures, leading to a more timely detection and containment of novel nosocomial outbreaks. Conclusions. The present study shows the benefit of combining genomic and epidemiological data for the investigation of complex nosocomial outbreaks, and provides valuable data to minimize the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare facilities.

ResumoObjetivo: comparar a aceitabilidade da ART e de restaurações convencionais em crianças. Material e métodos: A amostra do presente ensaio clínico randomizado foi composta por 30 crianças de 4 a 7 aanos de idade que tinham pelo menos uma cavidade ativa classe II em um primeiro molar que era acessível a instrumentos manuais. Os grupos de tratamento foram: grupo controle -tratamento com anestesia local, isolamento absoluto, instrumentos rotatórios e resina composta; grupo teste -tratamento de acordo com ART utilizando instrumentos manuais somente, sem anestesia e ionômero de vidro. Em ambos os grupos, somente tecido cariado desmineralizado e esmalte sem suporte foram removidos. A aceitabilidade dos dois grupos foi acessada por mensuração das sensações emocionais usando a Escala de Imagem Facial (EIF) antes e depois do procedimento. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos na mudanças dos escores da EIF. 50% das crianças do grupo teste ficaram mais satisfeitas, enquanto 64% das crianças do controle não mudaram seus sentimentos. Conclusão: ART não demonstrou ter melhor aceitabilidade do que o tratamento convencional. Entretanto, o menor tempo utilizado para completar o procedimento parece ser um aspecto válido em crianças muito jovens ou pacientes com problemas de comportamento. AbstractAim: to compare the acceptability of the ART and the conventional restoration approaches in children. Material and methods: The sample of the current randomized clinical trial was 30 children 4 to 7 years old who had at least one class II active cavity in a primary molar that was accessible to hand instruments. The treatment groups were: Control Group-treatment with local anesthesia, rubber dam, rotary instruments and composite resin. Test Group-treatment according to ART approach using only hand instruments, no anesthesia and glass ionomer. In both groups, only the demineralized carious tissue and unsupported enamel were removed. The acceptability of the two groups was assessed by measuring the emotional feelings represented by Face Image Scale (FIS) before and after the procedure. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding changes in FIS scores. Fifty percent of the children from the Test Group got more satisfied after the procedure, while 64% of the participants from Control Group did not change their feelings. Conclusion: The ART approach had not demonstrated to have a best acceptability then the conventional approach. However the short time taken to complete the procedure seems to be worthy aspects when dealing with very young children or patients with behaviors problems.

RESUMOEste estudo pretende realizar uma revisão de literatura a respeito da utilização da técnica radiográfica panorâmica em odontopediatria, abordando suas indicações, vantagens e limitações. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura abordando a utilização da radiografia panorâmica dentro da clínica infantil. Por ser uma técnica extrabucal é melhor aceita pela criança e sua utilização deve estar associada à necessidade de se obter um número maior de informações da região maxilo-mandibular, para auxílio ao diagnóstico e avaliações do crescimento e do desenvolvimento dentário, falhas na erupção, condições patológicas extensas, dentre outras. Além de requerer um tempo mais curto para sua obtenção, é de baixo custo para o paciente e utiliza menor dose de radiação quando comparada ao levantamento radiográfico completo. Entretanto, deve ser complementada quando houver necessidade de maior detalhe e nitidez. PALAVRAS-CHAVES:Radiografia panorâmica. Diagnóstico. Odontopediatria.

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