Psychological, social, and health variables were compared in 175 Black and White family caregivers of patients with dementia and 175 Black and White noncaregivers. Caregivers and noncaregivers did not differ within race on demographic variables. Caregiving was associated with increased depression and decreased life satisfaction only in White families. However, Caregiving appears to have similar social consequences for Black and White families, including restriction of social activity and increased visits and support by family from outside of the home. Race, but not caregiving, was associated with physical health variables. Methodological issues in comparing well-being in Black and White caregivers, in particular the importance of including noncaregiving comparison subjects, are discussed.

Visual awareness is hypothesized to be intimately related to visual working memory (WM), such that information present in WM is thought to have necessarily been represented consciously. Recent work has challenged this longstanding view by demonstrating that visual stimuli rated by observers as unseen can nevertheless be maintained over a delay period. These experiments have been criticized, however, on the basis that subjective awareness ratings may contain response bias (e.g., an observer may report no awareness when in fact they had partial awareness). We mitigated this issue by investigating WM for visual stimuli that were matched for perceptual discrimination capacity (d′), yet which varied in subjective confidence ratings (so-called relative blindsight). If the degree of initial subjective awareness of a stimulus facilitates later maintenance of that information, WM performance should improve for stimuli encoded with higher confidence. In contrast, we found that WM performance did not benefit from higher visual discrimination confidence. This relationship was observed regardless of WM load (1 or 3). Insofar as metacognitive ratings (e.g., confidence, visibility) reflect visual awareness, these results challenge a strong relationship between conscious perception and WM using a paradigm that controls for discrimination accuracy and is less subject to response bias (since confidence is manipulated within subjects). Methodologically, we replicate prior efforts to induce relative blindsight using similar stimulus displays, providing a general framework for isolating metacognitive awareness in order to examine the function of consciousness.

SummaryIn a controlled study of 15 pregnant patients undergoing therapeutic termination of pregnancy, seven received subcutaneously 5,000 anti-FXa units of low molecular weight (LMW) heparin 15 and 3 h prior to the termination, and eight patients acted as controls. Paired maternal and fetal blood samples were taken (before or immediately after the termination) for assay of heparin activity by a chromogenic anti-FXa method sensitive to levels of 0.02 anti-FXa U/ml. LMW heparin was detected in all maternal samples of the test patients but was not detected in any of the fetal samples.The use of LMW heparin as a thromboprophylactic agent was then evaluated in 11 patients who were known to have a severe thromboembolic tendency, had suffered recurrent miscarriages and had responded poorly to conventional anticoagulation (oral anticoagulant, conventional heparin). All patients receiving LMW heparin in thromboprophylactic doses completed uneventful pregnancies and gave birth to healthy babies (three for the first time) without complication. Bone density scans performed in all patients shortly after the delivery showed normal mineral mass. We conclude that LMW heparin does not cross the placental barrier, and in addition offers satisfactory antithrombotic protection for both maternal and placental circulation. In addition, this study provides preliminary data from 11 patients suggesting LMWH may not give rise to maternal osteoporosis, a finding that now needs further investigation.

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