A b s t r a c tThe need to use asphalt additives along with the reduction in the temperatures of asphalt mixes results mainly from the need to ensure the durability of asphalt pavements. The use of foamed asphalt for warm mix asphalt (WMA) enables reducing the temperatures of asphalt mixes by approx. 30-40°C in relation to traditional hot mix asphalt. The article presents an analysis of the impact of a liquid chemical additive that is currently used in the WMA technology on changes in foamed asphalt properties. The assessment embraced the basic features of bitumens and the parameters of the asphalt foam manufactured based on them. The base bitumen used in the testing included road asphalt 35/50 and 50/70, whereas the modification of their properties was carried out using the WMA additive content of 0.3% to 0.6% in relation to the asphalt mass. The asphalt foam parameters were measured after foaming at 155°C and with the foaming water content (FWC) of 1.5% to 3.5% with increments of 1.0%. S t r e s z c z e n i ePotrzeba stosowania dodatków do asfaltu wraz z obniżaniem temperatur technologicznych mieszanek mineralnoasfaltowych wynika głównie z konieczności zapewnienia trwałości nawierzchni asfaltowej. Stosowanie asfaltu spienionego do technologii na ciepło (WMA) umożliwia obniżenie temperatur mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych o około 30-40ºC względem tradycyjnej technologii na gorąco. W artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu dodatku chemicznego w postaci płynnej, który stosowany jest obecnie do technologii WMA, na zmiany właściwości asfaltów spienionych. Ocenie poddano podstawowe cechy lepiszczy oraz parametry wyprodukowanej na ich bazie piany asfaltowej. W badaniach jako bazowe lepiszcze zastosowano asfalty drogowe 35/50 oraz 50/70, natomiast do modyfikacji ich właściwości zastosowano dodatek WMA w ilości od 0,3% do 0,6% w stosunku do masy asfaltu. Pomiar parametrów piany asfaltowej przeprowadzono przy temperaturze wyjściowej asfaltu (przed spienieniem) wynoszącej 155ºC oraz przy zawartości wody spieniającej (FWC -Foaming Water Content) w zakresie od 1,5% do 3,5% ze wzrostem co 1,0%.
Layers containing dfferentparticles ofdfferent sizes (TiC: 2, 7 pin and 31 pm midsize; TaC: 15 pin mid size) were formed on the surface of 90 MnCrV8 tool steel. A CO2 -gas laser equipment was used toform these layers. The grain contents ofthe layers were between 35%-55%. Some of the ready TIC layers were hardened by laser in order to reduce the retained austenit. We compared the wear resistance of the layers employing abrasive wheel test.For reference purposes we carried out the test of traditionally hardened, traded TICALLOY 11 and TICALLOY Wmaterials as well.i iNTRODUCTION For material and energy savings reasons surface-layer technologies have recently been highlighted. During these processes layers with characteristics as appropriate for the utilization (wear-, heatand corrosion resistance) are formed only on the working surface of the component. Layers formed with high-power lasers, especially with CO2 -gas laser, also fall within the scope of this technology. Concerning only the area of wear resistant layers there are already a great number of publications, which mostly inform about cases where TiC and WC particles are imbedded into the surface ofsteel /i-5/, Inconel /6-8/, TiC-alloys /2-8/, 5052 Al and Ni-Al-bronze /2/ or Sic particles into Ti and Ti-alloy /9/ surfaces. Once the layers are formed, the most frequently used technology is to inject the particles into a laser melt. The typical particle size received as a result ofthis process is between 20 p.m -1 50 m.A disadvantage ofthe process is that due to the surface tension ofthe melt bath, a strongly rippled surface is formed. In addition, particles smaller than 20 tm are difficult to inject into the melt because oftheir low mass and also the injected ones dissolve respectively, as a result ofthe strong melt convection. In the predeposition process particles suspended in alcohol are applied to the surface to be cladded and following the evaporation of the alcohol the surface is remelted by laser. /10/.Surface layers addressed by and examined in this article were formed by this process as well. With this a smoother surface can be achieved and particles of very small size can also be applied. The reason for this is that the two processes have a highly different hydro-dynamic. It is known that the flow of heat and liquid established in the laser melt has an important role in the formation of the layer. The flow of the liquid affects the porosity of the layer and the distribution of the particles. O-8194-1508-1/94/$6.OO SPIE Vol. 2207 / 553 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/24/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspxThe established flow of the liquid is caused by two phenomena: the natural convection and the Marangoni convection. The natural convection is caused by the buoyancy effect while the Marangoni convection is caused by the surface tension gradient. With the increase of the heat surface tension tends to decrease in the case of metals while the the heat distribution in the laser melt is never...
W artykule przedstawiono analizę struktury złącza stop aluminium (PA38)-stop magnezu (AZ31) wytworzonego metodą zgrzewania dyfuzyjnego. Za pomocą mikroskopu optycznego i elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego przeprowadzono szczegółowe badania metalograficzne. Skład chemiczny strefy złącza określono metodą mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej (EDS). Wykonano również pomiary mikrotwardości metodą Vickersa łączonych materiałów i strefy złącza. W wyniku procesu zgrzewania uzyskano trwałe połączenie. Strefa złącza, o grubości ok. 50 µm, miała budowę dwuwarstwową. Od strony stopu PA38 w złączu zidentyfikowano grubszą warstwę (ok. 40 µm) fazy międzymetalicznej Al3Mg2, od strony stopu AZ31 cieńszą warstwę (ok. 10 µm) fazy międzymetalicznej Mg17Al12. W mikrostrukturze strefy złącza od strony stopu PA38 na tle osnowy fazy Al3Mg2 stwierdzono obecność drobnych cząstek fazy Mg2Si. Od strony stopu AZ31, na tle fazy Mg17Al12, obserwowano lokalnie iglaste cząstki fazy Al-Mn-Si. Na podstawie pomiarów mikrotwardości stwierdzono, że strefa złącza zbudowana głównie z faz międzymetalicznych Mg-Al charakteryzuje się kilkukrotnie wyższą mikrotwardością w porównaniu z łączonymi stopami. Słowa kluczowe: stop magnezu, stop aluminium, strefa złącza, fazy międzymetaliczne, struktura, mikrotwardość the bonding zone composed mainly of Mg-Al intermetallic phases layers had much higher microhardness than the joined alloys.
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