The Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme consists of three advanced water treatment plants (AWTPs), with the combined capacity to recycle 232 ML/d. Each AWTP process consists of pre-treatment, microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), UV/peroxide advanced oxidation and chlorination. A key objective of the project is to improve the environmental health of regional waterways, particularly in relation to nutrient discharges. Reverse osmosis processes produce a concentrate stream (ROC), which is the main reject stream of the AWTPs. Options for management of ROC were assessed, and ultimate disposal to nearby waterways was the only feasible option identified. ROC flows for the scheme total 41 ML/d at full capacity, divided between the three AWTPs. The contaminants in this stream are generally 6 to 7 times more concentrated than in the feed water. Environmental risks were identified due to potential increased toxicity associated with these higher concentrations, which were exacerbated due to chlorine and ammonia dosed in the AWTP process. Target ROC contaminants have been identified as nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, metals and chlorine. The paper presents the selected toxicity management and nutrient reduction strategies for each AWTP, and the results of full-scale operation to date are also summarised.

Many communities across the United States and around the world are experiencing, or will experience, water supply shortages. This article discusses Queensland, Australia's holistic approach to the problem and will help utilities better understand state‐of‐the‐art water reclamation and recycling. Queensland's range of solutions to water shortages includes high‐technology equipment and effective public communications resulting in high levels of public support and “belt tightening” conservation. Part of Queensland's multifaceted approach is the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project, one of the world's largest high‐technology water recycling projects. The program involves applying micro‐ and ultramembrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation to provide potable‐quality water for industrial use at major power plants, irrigation of, and, if needed, augmentation of the community's source water reservoir. Effective public communications have led to public support, which has been a key to success. Survey results for 2007 show that 71% of residents supported recycled water use and have successfully conserved water, with a per capita residential use of only 32 gpd (123 L/d), likely one of the best water saving communities in the developed world. Queensland's experience may help other communities understand the range of options that are available.

As water recycling becomes more widespread, brine disposal and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from a wastewater that is relatively high in chlorides have emerged as important areas of study and development. This paper discusses the use of biofilm processes for both nitrification and denitrification of saline wastewaters. Testing results from parallel pilot-scale submerged aerated filter (SAF) and moving bed bioreactors (MBBR) for nitrification followed by deep-bed denitrification filters on a municipal wastewater with an average chloride concentration of 6,000 mg/L are summarized. The lessons learned were applied to the full-scale design of a nitrification MBBR and of denitrification filters for treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate from a water recycling plant. The paper will discuss design considerations and the first year of full-scale operating data.

The Oleoresin varies widely in amount but its composition is fairly uniform, the volatile oils comprising approximately 20 per cent of the crude gum, and colophony or rosin making up the remaining 80 per cent. The volatile oils or " crude turps" yield from 60 to 80 per cent of actual turpentine and from 40 to 20 per cent of heavier oils, known collectively as "pine oil." As it exists in the wood, the turpentine consists mainly of terpenes of the formula C TO H T6, chiefly a-pinene with smaller amounts of b-pinene, dipentene, camphene, and traces of other oils.

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