This study compares the potential annual energy absorption of a flat-plate solar collector at different tilt angles in Poland. Optimal tilt angles were tested in three variants: over the course of the year, in fall/winter and in spring/summer. The results were compared with automatically tracked collectors where the active surface is perpendicular to the angle at which solar radiation reaches the collector. The results were simulated based on the meteorological data. A comparison of the energy outputs of solar collectors in optimization variants 1, 2, and 3 indicates that variant 1 produces the highest energy output.
This paper analyses the real quantity of organic waste in the Polish province of Warmia and Mazury to determine the degree of farm energy self-suffi ciency. Systems engineering methods were used in the performance of the study. A relational and mathematical model was constructed to estimate the energy potential of waste biomass in the selected area. This model is the basis for conducting detailed studies, whose results are presented in the content of the paper.The constructed model allows the determination of such parameters as: • The value of the energy potential of organic waste generated by farms in the selected area.
•The value of the technical (real) energy potential of organic waste from farms using specifi c technologies.
•The type of waste with the highest energy potential. Our paper defi nes the concept of the degree of primary energy substitution with renewable energy from agricultural organic waste and presents a methodology for determining the degree of covering the real demand of farms for electrical energy and heat.A statistical model for estimating the unit energy potential of organic waste from a given farm per 1 ha of area was also developed. This model allowed the total energy potential of organic waste from agriculture to be determined for the studied area. In the studied province, the total energy potential of organic waste from agriculture amounts to 16.74 PJ·yr -1 . Although this study shows that the energy potential contained in organic waste from agriculture is signifi cantly large, it is disregarded by farmers and decision-makers. Focusing on the production of energy crops in order to satisfy the demand for energy biomass distorts the image that emerges from our studies: the level of renewable energy generated only from organic waste makes the idea of energy self-suffi ciency of farms appear plausible. We considered only those groups of waste that cannot be used in agriculture.
This paper discusses the relationship between the furnace structure in low power boilers fired by biomass and the composition of combustion gas emitted to the atmosphere. The emissivity of the boilers was also assessed by determination of a generalised criterial parameter of a boiler evaluation and a ranking of boiler emissivity was drawn up. A significant correlation was found to exist between the content of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in the combustion gas. The carbon dioxide content was also found to affect CO and NO x content in the emitted combustion gas. PORÓWNANIE EMISYJNOŚCI SPALIN KOTŁÓW MAŁEJ MOCY OPALANYCH BIOMASĄ DREWNOPOCHODNĄ-PELETY Jacek Bieranowski, Tomasz Olkowski Katedra Elektrotechniki i Energetyki Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: biomasa drewnopochodna, skład spalin, emisyjność kotłów małej mocy, konstrukcja paleniska. A b s t r a k t W artykule zbadano zależności między konstrukcją paleniska w kotłach małej mocy opalanych biomasą a składem spalin emitowanych do atmosfery. Określono również emisyjność badanych kotłów przez wyznaczenie uogólnionego parametru kryterialnego oceny kotła i wykonano ranking emisyjności badanych kotłów. Stwierdzono istotną korelację między zawartością tlenków azotu i tlenku węgla w spalinach. Wykazano również wpływ zawartości dwutlenku węgla w emitowanych spalinach na zawartość CO i NO x .
Optymalizacja krzywej obciążenia dobowego energią elektryczną w zakładzie przemysłu spożywczego jako przykład zastosowania mechanizmów DSR-studium przypadku Streszczenie. Wyznaczono krzywą obciążenia dobowego energią elektryczną w zakładzie przemysłu spożywczego na przykładzie wytwórni wędlin. Zużycie energii elektrycznej czynnej badano w okresie 12 miesięcy dla 16 maszyn. Wyznaczoną krzywą poddano suboptymalizacji przez zmianę harmonogramu pracy maszyn ze względu na kryterium minimalizacji czasu pracy maszyn w tzw. szczytach dobowych. Osiągnięto istotne obniżenie kosztu energii elektrycznej, co poprawiło wyniki ekonomiczne przedsiębiorstwa.
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