Stress fractures are common athletic injuries of the foot and ankle, described in every bone except the lesser toes, and reviewed here. Early diagnosis usually allows for simpler treatment and quick recovery. Early clinical presentations can be subtle, so a high degree of suspicion and a systematic approach, coupled with an understanding of the diagnostic limitations present in early injury, is required. Such a rigorous approach ultimately pays dividends for these patients, who are usually keen to return quickly to athletic activity. "High-risk" fractures include the medial malleolus, the talus, the navicular bone, the base of the fifth metatarsal, and the hallux sesamoids. We support recommendations of early surgery in high-risk fractures.

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BIPO provides good to excellent survivorship in appropriately selected patients, with a relatively low rate of complications. Our results are comparable with other established methods of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), such as the Bernese PAO, even during the surgeon's initial learning curve. Cite this article: 2017;99-B:724-31.

stenosis in these patients,' but we found this not to be the case. Our findings accord with those of Dustan et al, who found that most patients with angiographic evidence of renal artery disease did not have hypertension.3 It could be argued that angiographic evidence of renal artery disease does not necessarily indicate a functionally important stenosis, hence the poor relation between angiographic findings and hypertension in our study. Nevertheless, evidence of renal artery stenosis probably indicates those patients at high risk of renal complications during treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. We believe that in patients with evidence ofperipheral vascular disease angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors should be used with caution. Consideration should be given to the possibility of underlying renal artery stenosis.JGFC was supported by a grant from Nissan UK.

Hip arthroscopy is a well-recognized procedure for the treatment of several hip pathologies. Different methods of arthroscopic access to the hip have been published. The most popular approach is the central compartment first technique, where the first portal to the central compartment is placed under traction and fluoroscopic control. This technique, however, carries the risk of iatrogenic damage to the cartilage and labrum, especially when adequate distraction cannot be obtained. In addition, secondary exposure of the peripheral compartment frequently requires larger capsulotomies. The current article is to describe an alternative arthroscopic approach to the hip with the peripheral compartment being first accessed. The peripheral compartment first technique offers the advantages of a limited capsular release for peripheral compartment exposure and a reduced risk of iatrogenic cartilage and labrum damage during subsequent central compartment portal placement.