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Background: In daily clinical practice, most smell tests are difficult to implement due to their long duration. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short, easy to perform, and reusable smell test to be implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 120 healthy adults and 195 patients with self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) were included. Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8) was used for detection, memory/recognition, and forced-choice identification. In addition, rose threshold test and VAS was performed. The Smell Diskettes Olfaction test (SDOT) was used for correlation in healthy volunteers, and UPSITTM for patients with OD to stablish an anosmia and hyposmia cut-off point. Considering COVID-19 pandemic disposable cotton swabs with odorants were compared with the original test. Results: In healthy population, BOT-8 mean scores for detection was 100%, memory/recognition was 94.5% (SD=1.07), and identification was 89.6% (SD=0.86). In OD patients was 86% (SD=32.8), 73.2% (SD=37.9) and 77.1% (SD=34.2), respectively. BOT-8 demonstrated good test–retest reliability with a 96.7% of observed agreement and a quadratic kappa of 0.84 (p<0.001). Strong correlation was observed for BOT-8 with SDOT (r=0.67, p<0.001) and UPSITTM (r=0.86, p<0.001). Disposable cotton swabs showed an excellent agreement with a kappa of 0.79 compared to the original test. The cut-off point for anosmia was ≤ 3 (AUC=0.83, Se= 0.673, Sp=0.993). Conclusions: BOT-8 offers an efficient and fast method to be used in clinical routine to assess the smell threshold, detection, memory, and identification. Disposable cotton swabs with odorants are a useful and safe method during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction Healthy sleep patterns are crucial for proper brain development in infancy. However, little is known about the relationship between early sleep disturbances and functional brain connectivity. The thalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, and undergoes rapid growth in the first year. Therefore, we examined how early thalamic connectivity relates to sleep-onset problems during the first 6 months of life. Methods All data were collected as part of the Baby Connectome Project (1U01MH110274). Forty-six infants (between 3-5 months old) underwent resting-state fMRI scans during natural sleep. The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzed using FSL, and the bilateral thalamus was used in seed-based analyses. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) was used to create a measure of sleep initiation. Five IBQ items (21-25) were reverse-scored and averaged to generate the Infant Sleep-Onset Problems (ISOP) score, with higher scores indicating longer sleep latencies. ISOP scores across 3-6 months were used as regressors in whole-brain analyses. Results Preliminary results suggest a positive correlation between ISOP scores and connectivity between the thalamus and precuneus, such that greater sleep-onset problems were associated with stronger connectivity between the thalamus and precuneus. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between ISOP scores and connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, such that fewer sleep-onset problems were associated with stronger connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusion Our findings suggest that stronger thalamic connectivity with the precuneus, a region involved in the perception and integration of information, is related to greater sleep initiation difficulties. In contrast, stronger connectivity between the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in attention allocation and emotional regulation, is associated with less sleep initiation problems. While these results are preliminary, they indicate that early sleep problems are associated with altered development of functional thalamo-cortical networks. Support (if any)