This study explores determinants of unsafe sex, specifically in HIV‐infected gay men. It is assumed that safe sex in HIV‐positive men is determined by other factors than in men with an unknown or negative serostatus. For HIV‐positive men it is much less an issue of protecting oneself, and more so an issue of protecting the other. It is hypothesized that for HIV‐positive men, practising safe and unsafe sex is the outcome of a coping process, in which the stress of being infected is mediated by several factors, potentially resulting in a tendency to compulsive sexual behaviour (sexualization). A path analytic test supports the theoretical model. However, sexualization, especially the tendency to have sex to make oneself feel better, is only related to the number of sex partners one has had and not to having practised unsafe sex. This may imply that practising safe and unsafe sex should be much more understood from an interpersonal than an intrapersonal perspective.

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The Council Directive 2009/147/EC (30 November 2009) on the Conservation of Wild Birds (Codified Version) [2010] OJ L 20/7 (European Union); the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 USC 1531) (USA); and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) read with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act List of Threatened Fauna and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth) (Australia) are notable examples of such legislation from different jurisdictions. 2 Eg s 14 Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Western Australia).

Butchart (ed) Eagles and Farmers i; Tarboton Eagles 4-5, 32-33. JC KNOBEL PER / PELJ 2013(16)4 161 / 487remarks on the effectiveness and sufficiency of those laws. As will be elaborated upon shortly, not all the eagle species occurring in South Africa are resident birds. Some species are migratory and others are nomadic. Hence, the environmental law regime in force in South Africa has an influence on the conservation status of some eagle species breeding as far away as Europe and Asia.The methodology employed was primarily an interdisciplinary literature study. Legal materials as well as texts from the natural sciences were consulted. The results are presented in three sections. In the first section (paragraph 2), an attempt is made to summarise pertinent information on the occurrence of eagles in South Africa, with a particular focus on the conservation threats they face in the country. The second section (paragraphs 3 and 4) provides an overview of the status of eagles in South African law. In the third section (paragraphs 5-8), an attempt is made to critically evaluate the scope and effectiveness of South African environmental law in respect of eagle conservation, and to make a number of recommendations. 2Eagles and conservation threats in South Africa The occurrence of eagles in South AfricaSixteen species of eagle occur in the Republic of South Africa. 3 Thirteen of these species are known to breed in the territory, 4 while the remaining three species visit 3

This contribution reflects on the contributory role of environmental law and policy in the successful conservation interventions on behalf of the rare Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila Adalberti), with the aim of gaining insights that may be more universally applicable, including in jurisdictions such as South Africa. An overview of applicable international, European and Spanish laws and policies is given, and the role played by these instruments is considered together with successes attained with diverse conservation goals in respect of the Spanish Imperial Eagle. The exceptionally comprehensive character of the legal protection of the Spanish Imperial Eagle is highlighted, in conjunction with some extra-legal factors that have contributed to successful outcomes. While quantification of the role of the law in the conservation of a species remains elusive, it is probably safe to conclude that environmental law and policy have played a vital and central role in the improvement of the conservation status of the Spanish Imperial Eagle. It is submitted that the conservation interventions on behalf of the Spanish Imperial Eagle show that concerted legal and other conservation interventions can effectively halt and reverse the decline of an endangered species. However, such interventions are onerous and expensive and ideally, effective conservation measures should be in place before populations have declined to a critical level. Birds of prey face similar threats in South Africa and Spain, and a number of South African raptor species will soon be classified as endangered. While South African biodiversity laws and policy are similar to the European and Spanish laws in general import and methodology, the South African laws and policy are more restricted in scope, less detailed and less prescriptive. When comparing the use of Spanish and South African legislation in the conservation of birds of prey, sight must not be lost of the varying conservation needs of different species and the unequal resources available to different jurisdictions.