We examine graphitization of amorphous carbon (a-C) in a-C/Ni bilayer samples having the structure Si/SiO2/a-C(3–30 nm)/Ni(100 nm). In situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements during heating in He at 3 °C/s to 1000 °C showed graphitic C formation beginning at temperatures T of 640–730 °C, suggesting graphitization by direct metal-induced crystallization, rather than by a dissolution/precipitation mechanism in which C is dissolved during heating and expelled from solution upon cooling. We also find that graphitic C, once formed, can be reversibly dissolved by heating to T>950 °C, and that nongraphitic C can be volatilized by annealing in H2-containing ambients.

Soymilk samples at pH 7.5,6.5 and 2 were subjected to heat treatment at 93°C and indirect ultra-high temperature. When heated at 93"C, 121°C and 132"C, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in soymilk was more heat-labile at high pH than at lower pH. However, the effect of pH on rate of thermal inactivation was less pronounced when the holding temperature was increased 10 143°C and 154°C. The point on a curve relating holding temperature and holding time, indicating inactivation of 90% of the TIA in soymilk at pH 6.5 in the range 93-154"C, coincided with the thermal-death-time curve of the organism putrefactive anacrobe 3679 at about 125°C.

It has been established that the well-known deproteinizing action of hot 45% aqueous phenol on whole cells or isolated and purified endotoxin of Serratia marcescens 08 is caused by the cleavage of a phenol-sensitive linkage within the lipid moiety. As a result of this degradation, both the lipopolysaccharide and simple protein fragments retained a part of the lipid moiety. Although not proceeding at the same fast rate as the cleavage of the lipid moiety, such phenol treatment also caused a partial hydrolysis of the O-specific side chain and ester-bound fatty acids. Hydrolysis of the O-specific side chain accounted for 5% of the lipopolysaccharide and that of ester-bound fatty acids accounted for 11% of the total fatty acid content after 60 min of treatment. It is suggested that the presence of these degradation products is one of the main causes of the heterogeneity of endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide preparations.